1. 帮忙找一份关于无形资产计量方面的外国文献
这里有一篇
2. 帮我找一篇跟 高校无形资产流失 或相关的外文文献啊
哈哈我找到了，不知道是不是你要的，看看吧
试析高校无形资产流失的原因及对策
简介：无形资产是高校的一项重要资产,具有非实体性、网络效应、不确定性、时效性等特征。由于高校在无形资产管理方面重视不够,缺少相应的规章制度,高校的无形资产流失严重。文章针对这一现状,指出高校应采取有效的措施,增强无形资产管理意识,强化无形资产核算,建立有效的激励机制,防止开形资产的流失。
一、高校无形资产的含义及特征
高校无形资产是指高校长期使用而没有实物形态的资产,主要包括专利权、非专利技术、土地使用权、校名校誉等,其中:专利权指一项发明、创造、设计或革新的首创者,对成果拥有专用权和排他权。按专利法规定,专利可分为三种:发明专利、实用新型专利和外观设计专利。高校的专利权主要是通过纵向科研课题研究、横向课题的开发而取得的科研成果,是高校科研水平的重要体现;非专利技术指在生产和经济活动的实践当中已经采用的,但需要保密又不享有法律保护的各种技术、知识和经验。包括高校在教学和非教学活动中的图纸设计资料、材料和成分配方、某种制造工艺、医疗方案以及各种先进的管理方法和经验等。
上述资产都具有如下特点:(1)非实体性,无形资产虽然不是一定的实体资产,但它可以被感知、被测试。(2)网络效应,无形资产能被多个单位同时使用的。(3)不确定性,它提供的经济价值具有不确定性,其潜在价值和使用价值也往往是无法用数量指标体系来计量的,其摊销期以及当期摊销额也具有不确定性。(4)其价值的时效性,将它投入合适的项目就会发挥出不可估量的社会经济效益。但是,它的价值会随着时间和社会的变化而快速变化。(5)投资多主体性,高校的无形资产既包括国家和集体的资金和技术投入,也凝结着高校科研工作者个人的大量脑力劳动[1]。
无形资产是高校客观存在的权利,它集中体现了一所高校的办学实力和科研水平,尤其当无形资产进行转让或投资时,这种价值就会得到充分的确认和实现。因此,正确认识、深入研究高校无形资产及其使用、管理问题,加强无形资产管理,杜绝高校无形资产流失,维护高校的合法权益,无论是对于高校自身的存在和发展,还是对于无形资产的开发、利用,都有重大的现实意义。
3. 谁能帮我找一篇无形资产准则的外文文献啊 不胜感激
我这里有《无形资产估价》戈登.史密斯 路瑟尔.帕尔 著
如果需要留言给我
4. 请推荐一篇有关无形资产投资的英文文献
您好，
无形资产投资(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets)
What is the investment in intangible assets?
Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%.
Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account.
Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.
What is the intangible asset?
Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets.
(1) and intangible characteristics:
1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights.
2, to bring excess profits.
3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term.
(2), intangible assets, including:
1, patents
2, know-how
3, the franchise
4, the right to use the premises
5, trademark
6, goodwill
(C), the classification of intangible assets:
1, according to the validity of the points:
(1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the
(2), no period of intangible assets
2, according to whether or not there may refer to:
(1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the indivial, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on.
(2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill.
3, according to whether or not protected by law:
(1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, rights and so on.
(2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how.
Analysis of intangible investment:
Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage.
According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low.
Investment management of intangible assets:
Intangible asset investment decision-making methods and decision-making investment in fixed assets the same way. Also need to calculate the decision-making targets. However, it is more complex than the investment in fixed assets. Because:
1, intangible assets are invested in various forms.
2, intangible assets and the investment period has been over-time earnings is difficult to predict.
3, intangible assets increased over the proceeds of uncertainty there.
The day-to-day control of intangible assets: include the following:
1, an increase of intangible assets management
Whether purchased, the self-built, or other inputs, for all legal proceres, according to the actual cost, or by the rating agencies to assess valuation.
2, amortization of intangible assets management
(1) the effective useful life of intangible assets:
① law and the provisions of the contract are valid in accordance with the principles of the short side.
② no legal provisions of the contract, according to the provisions of the contract determine the number of years.
③ not provided for by not less than 10 years to determine the validity.
3, the calculation of the amount of amortization of intangible assets:
= Amortization in the amount of the original price / effective service life
4, the use of intangible assets management:
(1) potential to improve the utilization of intangible assets.
(2) to implement centralized management at different levels. Such as patents, technology must be managed by the technology sector, the franchise, the right to use the site to the proction and marketing departments. Sales by the trademark management, in order to clear responsibility to enhance the effectiveness of the use.
Intangible assets investment accounts and tax-related issues to deal with:
According to the intangible assets to obtain a different way, namely by the following provisions to deal with. "Enterprise Accounting System," the 44th article stipulates: "The business acquired intangible assets, measures should be based on actual costs. Made at the time of the actual cost should be determined in the following way:
(A) acquired intangible assets, according to the actual price paid for the actual cost.
(B) investors into the intangible assets, investment by the parties identified as the value of the actual cost. However, for the first time to issue shares and investors to accept the input of intangible assets, intangible assets should be in the investor's book value as the actual cost.
(C) the business of the debtor to accept non-cash assets to cover liabilities of the acquired intangible assets, or debt-for-entry e to intangible assets, according to the book value of accounts receivable claims to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following provisions of the transferee to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:
1. Receipt of the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable less the premium, plus related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;
2. To pay the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable plus the premium paid and to pay related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.
(D) to non-monetary transactions for the entry of intangible assets, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following requirements for entry to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:
1. Receipt of the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should be recognized in the income and pay less taxes and fees related to the balance of payment of a premium, as the actual cost;
2. To pay the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees and premium, as the actual cost.
(E) to accept donations of intangible assets, the following provisions shall determine the actual costs:
1. Donation to provide relevant evidence, according to the evidence indicating the amount to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.
2. Donor did not provide such evidence, according to the following order to determine the actual costs:
(1) the same or similar intangible assets of the existence of an active market, according to the same or similar intangible assets is estimated that the amount of market prices, together with the related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;
(2) the same or similar intangible assets no active market, according to accept the donation of intangible assets is expected to present value of future cash flows, as the actual cost. "
The 45th article stipulates that: "in accordance with legal proceres to apply for self-developed intangible assets acquired, according to the law made when the registration fee, lawyer fees, as the actual cost of intangible assets. Occur in the course of research and development of materials Cost of personnel directly involved in the development of wages and welfare, development occurred in rent, the cost of borrowing, and so on, into direct current profit and loss. Periods have been included in the cost of research and development costs, and the success of the intangible assets in accordance with the law The right to apply, no longer have been included in the original cost of the capitalization of research and development costs. "
The 47th article stipulates: "The corporate purchase or sell gold to cover the cost of land acquisition of land use rights, not yet in the development or use of the construction project, accounting for intangible assets in accordance with the present system of the period provided for a phased amortization. Room Real estate development companies to develop real estate, land-use rights should be the book value into all development costs; business as a result of the use of land for the construction of a project for their own use, land-use rights to the book value into all-in-progress costs. "
Enterprises with investment from outside of intangible assets, the same non-monetary transaction regulations.
Guoshuifa [1993] No. 149: "Investment in real estate shares, investors accept to participate in the distribution of profits, the share of investment risk, do not levy sales tax." "With regard to equity investment business income tax notice of a number of issues" (Guoshuifa [2000 ] No. 118) article 3, paragraph 1, a "business to business activities of some non-monetary assets of foreign investments, including shares of the company's shareholders for its corporate operations in non-monetary assets to buy shares of company stock allocation should be Investment in the transaction occurs, will be broken down into its fair value based on sales of non-monetary assets and economic investment in the two operations to deal with income tax, calculated in accordance with the provisions of the asset transfer income or loss. "Based on the above provisions to intangible assets outside Investment, from paying business tax, but be required to pay income tax.
希望对您有帮助。
5. 求一篇关于无形资产摊销或会计处理的外文文献
我处禁止上传文件，相关PDF外文文献有，没那么多，不知是否满足近几年的内要求，翻译没有，容翻译得靠你自己，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，如果需要请直接网络 私信 或者 Hi 中留言贴出你在 网络知道的问题链接地址 及 邮箱地址
相关外文文献已发送，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的
6. 求一篇 关于无形资产的 外文文献，最好是2007年以后的期刊。内容可以是无形资产分类，评价，管理……
你好，很高兴为你解答：
BEA Briefing: Toward Better Measurement of Innovation and Intangibles
这个是09年滴
Remarks on the Measurement, Valuation, and Reporting of Intangible Assets
04年滴
应该不止三千多字 而且很遗憾 pdf格式 ms还不专能复制粘贴。。。
需要的话留个属邮箱吧
7. 求一篇关于无形资产准则的外文文献 最好近几年的
去淘宝上买，搜索一下就有卖文献的
8. 急！求一篇关于无形资产核算的英文文献(带中文翻译)
您好，
无形资产投资(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets)
What is the investment in intangible assets?
Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%.
Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account.
Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.
What is the intangible asset?
Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets.
(1) and intangible characteristics:
1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights.
2, to bring excess profits.
3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term.
(2), intangible assets, including:
1, patents
2, know-how
3, the franchise
4, the right to use the premises
5, trademark
6, goodwill
(C), the classification of intangible assets:
1, according to the validity of the points:
(1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the
(2), no period of intangible assets
2, according to whether or not there may refer to:
(1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the indivial, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on.
(2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill.
3, according to whether or not protected by law:
(1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, rights and so on.
(2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how.
Analysis of intangible investment:
Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage.
According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low.
Investment management of intangible assets:
Intangible asset investment decision-making methods and decision-making investment in fixed assets the same way. Also need to calculate the decision-making targets. However, it is more complex than the investment in fixed assets. Because:
1, intangible assets are invested in various forms.
2, intangible assets and the investment period has been over-time earnings is difficult to predict.
3, intangible assets increased over the proceeds of uncertainty there.
The day-to-day control of intangible assets: include the following:
1, an increase of intangible assets management
Whether purchased, the self-built, or other inputs, for all legal proceres, according to the actual cost, or by the rating agencies to assess valuation.
2, amortization of intangible assets management
(1) the effective useful life of intangible assets:
① law and the provisions of the contract are valid in accordance with the principles of the short side.
② no legal provisions of the contract, according to the provisions of the contract determine the number of years.
③ not provided for by not less than 10 years to determine the validity.
3, the calculation of the amount of amortization of intangible assets:
= Amortization in the amount of the original price / effective service life
4, the use of intangible assets management:
(1) potential to improve the utilization of intangible assets.
(2) to implement centralized management at different levels. Such as patents, technology must be managed by the technology sector, the franchise, the right to use the site to the proction and marketing departments. Sales by the trademark management, in order to clear responsibility to enhance the effectiveness of the use.
Intangible assets investment accounts and tax-related issues to deal with:
According to the intangible assets to obtain a different way, namely by the following provisions to deal with. "Enterprise Accounting System," the 44th article stipulates: "The business acquired intangible assets, measures should be based on actual costs. Made at the time of the actual cost should be determined in the following way:
(A) acquired intangible assets, according to the actual price paid for the actual cost.
(B) investors into the intangible assets, investment by the parties identified as the value of the actual cost. However, for the first time to issue shares and investors to accept the input of intangible assets, intangible assets should be in the investor's book value as the actual cost.
(C) the business of the debtor to accept non-cash assets to cover liabilities of the acquired intangible assets, or debt-for-entry e to intangible assets, according to the book value of accounts receivable claims to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following provisions of the transferee to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:
1. Receipt of the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable less the premium, plus related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;
2. To pay the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable plus the premium paid and to pay related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.
(D) to non-monetary transactions for the entry of intangible assets, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following requirements for entry to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:
1. Receipt of the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should be recognized in the income and pay less taxes and fees related to the balance of payment of a premium, as the actual cost;
2. To pay the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees and premium, as the actual cost.
(E) to accept donations of intangible assets, the following provisions shall determine the actual costs:
1. Donation to provide relevant evidence, according to the evidence indicating the amount to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.
2. Donor did not provide such evidence, according to the following order to determine the actual costs:
(1) the same or similar intangible assets of the existence of an active market, according to the same or similar intangible assets is estimated that the amount of market prices, together with the related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;
(2) the same or similar intangible assets no active market, according to accept the donation of intangible assets is expected to present value of future cash flows, as the actual cost. "
The 45th article stipulates that: "in accordance with legal proceres to apply for self-developed intangible assets acquired, according to the law made when the registration fee, lawyer fees, as the actual cost of intangible assets. Occur in the course of research and development of materials Cost of personnel directly involved in the development of wages and welfare, development occurred in rent, the cost of borrowing, and so on, into direct current profit and loss. Periods have been included in the cost of research and development costs, and the success of the intangible assets in accordance with the law The right to apply, no longer have been included in the original cost of the capitalization of research and development costs. "
The 47th article stipulates: "The corporate purchase or sell gold to cover the cost of land acquisition of land use rights, not yet in the development or use of the construction project, accounting for intangible assets in accordance with the present system of the period provided for a phased amortization. Room Real estate development companies to develop real estate, land-use rights should be the book value into all development costs; business as a result of the use of land for the construction of a project for their own use, land-use rights to the book value into all-in-progress costs. "
Enterprises with investment from outside of intangible assets, the same non-monetary transaction regulations.
Guoshuifa [1993] No. 149: "Investment in real estate shares, investors accept to participate in the distribution of profits, the share of investment risk, do not levy sales tax." "With regard to equity investment business income tax notice of a number of issues" (Guoshuifa [2000 ] No. 118) article 3, paragraph 1, a "business to business activities of some non-monetary assets of foreign investments, including shares of the company's shareholders for its corporate operations in non-monetary assets to buy shares of company stock allocation should be Investment in the transaction occurs, will be broken down into its fair value based on sales of non-monetary assets and economic investment in the two operations to deal with income tax, calculated in accordance with the provisions of the asset transfer income or loss. "Based on the above provisions to intangible assets outside Investment, from paying business tax, but be required to pay income tax.
希望对您有帮助。 翻译打不下了，手打的，都酸了，望楼主采纳
9. 请提供一篇关于无形资产的英文文献
无形资产投资(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets)
What is the investment in intangible assets?
Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%.
Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account.
Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.
What is the intangible asset?
Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets.
(1) and intangible characteristics:
1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights.
2, to bring excess profits.
3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term.
(2), intangible assets, including:
1, patents
2, know-how
3, the franchise
4, the right to use the premises
5, trademark
6, goodwill
(C), the classification of intangible assets:
1, according to the validity of the points:
(1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the
(2), no period of intangible assets
2, according to whether or not there may refer to:
(1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the indivial, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on.
(2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill.
3, according to whether or not protected by law:
(1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, rights and so on.
(2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how.
Analysis of intangible investment:
Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage.
According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low.
10. 本人急需2篇关于无形资产审计的国外文献,请给予指点
英文还是中文的啊?
1 重视无形资产审计
在现行的审计工作中 ,对无形资产的审计 ,只是
在财务审计中有很少的内容。在知识经济条件下 ,
由于无形资产在资产总额中的比重越来越大 ,所以
审计部门应重视对无形资产的审计。
首先 ,无形资产的重要性 ,需要重视无形资产审
计。无形资产是指一定主体拥有或者控制的、长期
使用但没有实物形态的 ,并预期会带来经济效益、能
以货币计量的资产。对企业来说 ,无形资产是企业
发展的重要资源 ,是可持续发展的重要基础;无形资
产是企业潜在的巨大财富 ,是提高知识经济效益的
重要途径;无形资产是企业综合经济实力的体现 ,是
强化知名度、扩张资本、转化有形资产和提高市场竞
争力的重要手段;无形资产是企业文化的象征 ,是精
神文明建设的重要内容。在无形资产中 ,品牌是最
具有影响的一种无形资产。无形资产对企业的发展
是至关重要。无形资产对企业如此重要 ,相应审计
部门需要重视无形资产审计 ,审查企业是否充分发
挥无形资产的作用。
其次 ,无形资产管理不规范 ,需要重视无形资产
审计。在现实的企业中 ,对无形资产的管理很不规
范 ,主要存在以下几个问题:(1)无形资产数量不清。
企业有多少无形资产数量不清 ,现在是按现行会计
制度规定的在会计账簿上进行核算的无形资产《(企
业会计制度》规定:无形资产包括专利权、非专利权、
商标权、著作权、土地使用权、商誉等。) 而在规定之
外应属于无形资产的经营秘密、商号、特许权和自创
商誉等还未进行价值和数量的核算 ,也未采用相应
的办法进行数量的清理给予管理。(2) 无形资产管
理制度健全或未建全。国有大中型企业 ,一般按国
家财政部制定会计制度的规定 ,有无形资产会计核
算的制度 ,但一般都没有建立无形资产管理制度 ,既
没有无形资产管理机构 ,也没有无形资产管理人员 ,
不明确哪个机构管理无形资产 ,谁来管理无形资产 ,
更没有无形资产管理制度。对这种无形资产管理制
度不健全或未建立的情况 ,促进企业建立和健全无
形资产管理制度 ,规范无形资产管理。
第三 ,国有企业无形资产流失 ,需要重视无形资
产审计。目前 ,在企业普遍存在对无形资产缺乏正
确认识的情况下 ,国有企业资产流失。我国每年有
3 万多项国家级重大科技成果 ,其中有 2 万多项由
于知识产权观念的淡薄未申请专利 ,十几年里 ,我国
将 11 万余项发明无偿地“奉献”给了外国,这笔财富
白白地被流失。而在西方发达国家 85 %的专利申
请都来自企业 ,一家公司特别是跨国公司 ,一年中能
申请几百件、上千件甚至上万件的专利。面对我国
加入 WTO 的新形势和国有企业无形资产的流失 ,
需要重视无形资产审计。
2 无形资产审计的构想或经验 ,在此提出一个构想。
2.1 无形资产系统审计。对各种无形资产的价值
与数量方面进行审计。在实际操作时 ,可以分为两
部分进行:首先 ,对在会计账簿有记录的无形资产进
行价值与数量的审查 ,依据《企业会计准则》所规定
的无形资产包括专利权、非专利权、商标权、著作权、
土地使用权、商誉等,逐项检查每种无形资产的价值
与数量是否真实、合法,核对资产负债表上的无形资
产与会计账簿上的无形资产是否相符 , 会计账簿上
的的无形资产与实际现有无形资产是否相符。其
次 ,检查除在会计账簿中记录的无形资产外 ,是否还
有其他无形资产:如还有其他无形资产 ,检查该项无
形资产的数量及其基本情况 ,是否真实、合法 ,尤其
是在无形资产的开发、形成和使用过程中是不是遵
纪守法。
2.2 无形资产战略审计。对企业是否制定无形资
产战略进行审计 ,在我国加入 WTO 的条件下 ,企业
要重视研究与制定无形资产发展战略。无形资产战
略是对无形资产的形成、利用、开发、效益和保护等
做出的决定全局的、重大的筹划和对策。它包括专
利战略、商标战略、名牌战略、土地使用权战略和商
誉战略等。为实现无形资产发展战略要制定相应的
策略:(1)无形资产开发策略 ,无形资产的自创和引
进 ,既要组织创新研究 ,将研究成果转化为专利权 ,
又要引进高新技术 ,促进经济发展。(2)无形资产信
息策略 ,通过各种渠道 ,采用多种形式 ,搜集国际组
织的、主要发达国家的有关无形资产的信息,对这些
信息进行整理、分析、研究和利用。(3) 无形资产经
营策略 ,对拥有各种无形资产 ,面向国际大市场 ,利
用各种渠道和多种形式 ,进行有效的经营。(4)无形
资产进攻策略 ,根据各种无形资产的特点 ,主动、积
极地创造条件 ,参与国际大市场的竞争 ,在境外注册
商标 ,争创国际名牌 ,优化企业形象。(5) 无形资产
国际规范策略 ,学习、熟悉、掌握和运用国际组织、地
区和主要发达国家的有关无形资产的各种规范 ,以
建立和健全与国际无形资产的规范协调的中国无形
资产规范体系。
2.3 无形资产重点审计。对企业发展起重要作用
的无形资产进行审计。由于企业拥有无形资产的情
况不同 ,因而对企业单项无形资产的审计也不同 ,有
的企业是专利权 ,或是商标权 ,或是商誉 ,或是其他。
专利权审计是对专利的开发、申请、利用和保护的审
查;商标权审计是对商标的开发、申请、利用和保护
的审查;商誉审计是对商誉的培养、提高、利用和保
护等的审查。
2.4 无形资产效益审计。对企业经营无形资产的
效益的审查。企业拥有的无形资产要积极经营 ,经
营无形资产的目的是要获取经济效益。企业经营无
形资产 ,也能为企业带来经济效益。其主要途径是:
提高商誉 ,获取额外利润 ;争创名牌 ,以市场优势和
价优获取更多的利润 ;出售或转让专利权、非专利
权、商标权,开展技术贸易等以取得收益 ;以无形资
产投资取得投资收益等。企业经营无形资产 ,在我
国加入 WTO 后 ,还要面向国际市场经营无形资产 ;
其经营的方式主要是 :无形资产投资、无形资产筹
资、无形资产经济合作和贸易等。
2.5 无形资产管理审计。对企业在无形资产的开
发、形成和使用过程中进行预测、决策、计划、控制、
检查、考核和分析的管理活动进行审查。随着企业
从重视有形资产到越来越重视无形资产 ,或者说从
重视存货到越来越重视知识 ,使企业的成功取决于
知识和创新能力。因而 ,要重视对无形资产的管理。
对无形资产的管理 ,要求企业确定无形资产管理部
门和人员 ,制定无形资产管理制度;无形资产管理部
门运用集体的智慧和发挥每个人知识的作用 ,提高
创新能力 ,提高进行预测、决策、计划、控制、检查、考
核和分析的管理水平 ,加强无形资产的筹资与投资
管理 ,以便提高无形资产的经济效益 ,促进知识经济
的不断发展。
3 无形资产审计的评价
对企业无形资产审计 ,当审计结束时 ,要对企业
的无形资产进行评价。无形资产审计评价 ,是对企
业无形资产进行审计后 ,对其工作的成就、问题的评
定与建议。
3.1 开发无形资产。对无形资产进行管理 ,企业要
以战略的眼光开发无形资产,扩大企业拥有的无形资
产。企业开发无形资产除引入无形资产外,主要是自
创无形资产。自创无形资产是指自行设计、申请或接
受授权等非转让方式取得的无形资产 ,它包括专利
权、非专利权、著作权、土地使用权、商誉等。
3.2 建立无形资产核算体系。对企业全部无形资产
建立核算体系 ,包括建立无形资产会计明细账 ,对纳
入会计核算内容的 ,根据会计凭证 ,核算无形资产的
种类、项目、数量、金额和保存或使用单位(人)等。
3.3 明确经济责任。对无形资产的开发、形成、使
用、保护和保管的各环节,要明确有关单位和人员的
岗位经济责任 ,确定责任要求、奖励或处罚 ,离任进
行责任审计。
Abstract In order to compare and to interpret chemical
measurements, compliance with general rules of metrology
is compulsory. Such rules are the more important the more
the chemical measurements are applied under circum-
stances where material assets and goods or immaterial
values like health may be affected. Metrology of chemical
measurements attempts to define rules for achieving com-
parability and for guaranteeing quality of analytical data.
Thermodynamic data are commonly derived from a set of
analytical measurements. Comparability among thermo-
dynamic data is an important issue especially for those
data to be applied in politically sensitive issues of envi-
ronmental prognosis, long-term safety assessment of nu-
clear waste repositories in deep geological formations and
assessment of environmental impact of technical interven-
tion in the geosphere. Taking the data evaluation step in
the traceability chain of thermodynamic data as an exam-
ple, the existing thermodynamic data is shown to be af-
fected by deficiencies in comparability and quality that
may severely limit its dependability in environmental
prognosis. The need for a metrologically acceptable ap-
proach is demonstrated. Statistical concepts improving a
reliable assignment of meaningful measurement uncer-
tainty to a thermodynamic datum are presented. Unre-
solved issues, i.e. measurement uncertainty of a pH mea-
surement, hampering the construction of a traceability
chain are outlined.
Introction
There are a series of thermodynamic databases of chemi-
cal reactions, collected and evaluated with the intention to
simulate technical processes and to predict environmental
chemical systems [1–5]. For processes under human con-
trol thermodynamic data may be considered as process
parameters, but true values for the respective thermody-
namic quantities of chemical reactions are necessary to
predict the likely development of a situation that is not
controlled (e.g. a contaminated site). True values are an
ideal and the quest for truth is a fundament of scientific
activity [6]. Human activity, however, is not able to per-
ceive an absolute truth – even if studying highly con-
trolled systems [7]. Nevertheless, the idea of absolute val-
ues known to nature, universally reprocible in time and
space, is the basis of science.
The major body of thermodynamic data for chemical
reactions has successfully served to elucidate and to clas-
sify relationships among the chemical elements. There
are, however, situations where thermodynamic data for
chemical reactions are applied for purposes where other
aspects – i.e. legal aspects – become more relevant [8, 9].
Accuracy will be much more important than precision as
soon as these data are applied to uncontrolled systems.
Important applications of major public concern are safety
assessment of nuclear waste repositories in geological for-
mations or evolvement of contaminated sites in the bio-
sphere. In those situations, environmental prognosis by
geochemical modelling is mandatory [9]. There are, how-
ever, reasons to conclude that the overwhelming amount
of thermodynamic data for environmental prognosis is not
sufficiently accurate to allow a dependable prediction be-
cause no action is taken to ensure comparability – either
e to ignorance of metrological concepts or e to un-
sufficiently specified measurement processes of funda-
mental chemical quantities like pH.
Environmental prognosis and metrology
Geochemical transport models are tools for environmental
prognosis by numerical simulation. These tools are
widely used by government agencies, instry and acade-
mic institutions in attempts to predict the likely develop-
G. Meinrath
Comparability of thermodynamic data – a metrological point of view
Fresenius J Anal Chem (2000) 368:574–584 ? Springer-Verlag 2000
Received: 31 May 2000 / Revised: 18 July 2000 / Accepted: 19 July 2000
ORIGINAL PAPER
G. Meinrath
RER Consultants, Schie?stattweg 3a, 94032 Passau, Germany
and
G. Meinrath
TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Geologie,
Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, 09596 Freiberg, Germany