⑴ tort law and contract law 区别侵权法（tort law）和 合同法（contract law）的区别 急····
侵权法比合同法的范围要宽的多。比如说A不小心用球砸到了B，B可以告A侵权，因为A的不小心（英国法），再比如，狗仔小报诽谤某明星，这个明星也可以告小报侵权。但是他们之间并没有订立合同。合同法只有在有效合同订立之后，才能有法律效力，而合同双方的义务也是在合同中的义务，但是受损失方也可以告造成损失方侵权……
总而言之，就是侵权法保护的权利是基本权利，和一般权利（基本法规定的权利），而合同法主要保护的是合同中规定双方的权利。
⑵ 谁能帮我翻译英文摘要，，，法律类的
In recent years, as the people's living standard rising, and the overwhelming popularity of various media, speed and impact of the increasingly widespread, a commercial endorsement for the ordinary people of us, now is more often than not, celebrity endorsements have become more frequent proct has Shigu . But current law tort liability for proct spokesmen did not more clearly defined, so that the legitimate rights and interests of consumers also are not protected. Such contradictions have become increasingly prominent, in order to better improve the socialist legal system, while preserving the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. So we have to advocate for tort liability for procts to identify and implement its accountability, improve the existing legal system, legal rights and interests of consumers complete security system, to achieve a harmonious socialist society.
This paper procts infringing procts after the incident, spokesman for the law's lack of accountability for the analysis of research, and explore current issues arising from the legal system and to address these problems, the complete proposals to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers . In this way, both for the success of building a harmonious society, or whether the realization of the Rule of Law has an important significance.
This article by the present law tort liability for the proct spokesperson and proct endorsements the defect caused by infringement issues and the impact on consumers description of these areas to study the problems arising from proct infringement and voice impact on consumers On the Improvement of the existing consumer protection laws and regulations on the proposal, in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers are not compromised in order to better solve the problem.
⑶ 法律英语翻译。急！
American tort law of strict liability from the United Kingdom, has now become the mainland legal scholars often use the concept. European countries have been integrated into the principles of tort law system of Liability. In recent years, the scope of strict liability for the widening trend. Strict liability is based on the absolute obligation of security breach, although when it is done to the most careful of people's attention, but any damage caused by their actions and take responsibility. Defense against strict liability is very limited, reasonable care not among them. Strict liability for abnormally dangerous most frequent activity or proct liability cases.
The essential characteristics of strict liability
(A) the fault of the non-strict liability
Strict liability is undoubtedly the responsibility of following the fault which occurred after a new milestone. It is the advent of the fault is to determine the factors responsible is no longer the ultimate basis for liability, which is concive to protecting the innocent victims and vulnerable groups.
(B) the risk of strict liability
Looking at national tort law, strict liability and risk are inevitably linked. German civil law countries, said strict liability for hazardous ty. Some scholars would risk liability and strict liability common law equivalent. Similarly in France the use of a dangerous activity as the basis of strict liability. [20] but in fact Anglo-American tort law, strict liability apply to animals in addition to causing the infringement, workers compensation, proct liability, the most unusual is for harm caused by hazardous activities.
(C) Strict Liability of
Offenders in their fault liability for damage arising in, the reason is because the liability of the perpetrator can be a moral disapproval of. However, the perpetrator of strict liability without fault, will still be liable, the attribution of the basis for intriguing. The western half of the 20th century's most influential jurists of Pond from the maintenance of social security obligations generally off, demonstrates the rationality of strict liability. He believes that since the late 19th century, the legal interests of the community rather than focus on the protection of personal interests.
(D) strict liability causality
Responsibility for the fault is the fault element of the final decision is to determine whether the establishment of the key fault liability. In the composition of the elements of strict liability, regardless of whether the offender's fault. Therefore, the causal relationship has more significance, it is the ultimate constituent elements of strict liability element. Strict liability in the causation and damage are only two elements, namely, proof of causation by the plaintiff as long as the damage to these two factors and can get relief.
(E) of strict liability Juzheng
Strict liability is based on the absolute security breach of its obligations, regardless of whether the defendant to do the ty of care to the most cautious, as long as it should be responsible for the damage occurred, if the defendant can not be reasonable to defense (and defense is very limited), you can not remove responsibility, that is part of the plaintiff's burden of proof shifted to the defendant, the plaintiff only to prove causation and damage had been sufficient.
(F) defense of strict liability in the Restrictive
1, the third behavior, animal behavior and the forces of nature cause damage can not be the defenses.
2, the victim can not be the fault of defense.
3, the victims of people, things and animals, abnormal sensitivity can be used as defense.
4, the performance of public ties as defense.
Comment on the strict liability
(A) availability: American tort law is rooted in the philosophy of pragmatism in the soil, advocating people-centered, knowledge and human experience claims can not be separated, emphasizing the unity of theory and practice. On this basis, the case law system is the empirical wisdom of judges and logical reasoning with the proct. The strict liability from the case law through evolution, widening the scope of its application, this fact itself proves the rule dynamic and practical.
(B) Transcendence: whether scholars have the responsibility of strict liability is equivalent to what different opinions, but no doubt that it goes beyond the French law "presumption of fault liability" and the German law, "dangerous ty," and broke through to abstract known for speculative and logically coherent system of civil law tort theory of barriers to a unified system to a al responsibility principle or the principle of diversity attributable to system development, and thus the world had a profound influence legislation.
(C) justice: perpetrators and victims of strict liability emphasized to achieve a balance of interests, reflecting the protection of the weak instead of the new concept of equal protection, and to achieve substantial justice. This is in the field of proct liability and workers compensation in particular stands out.
要悬赏分呀！
⑷ 跪求大神翻译一段英文，高分啊！！！
自己去网络 翻译
问题一请识别和评估任何可能的侵权行为，针对指定的个人或实体，包括任何合理的防御和适当的补救措施，我国侵权法下，完全基于我们在本课程的讨论。在你的分析的每一步，以侵权责任法或其他法律或司法解释的相关文章。请描述成本，任何指定的受害者将面临和程序，将为他们倡导和追求在中国侵权诉讼。问题二请识别和评估任何可能的侵权行为，针对指定的个人或实体，包括任何合理的防御和适当的补救措施，在侵权法在美国，仅仅基于我们在本课程的讨论。请描述一下成本，任何指定的受害者将面临和程序，将为他们倡导和追求一个在美国的侵权行为
⑸ 法律英语的翻译，“受委托人”怎么译成英语谢谢！
trustee 是受委托人
⑹ 简述美国法中侵权责任的基本原则
在美国，侵权法主要属于各州的法律范畴，而且主要由判例法组成。在联邦法律中1946年的Federal Tort Claims Act (联邦侵权索赔法）是最主要的一个法律。
侵权行为可分为故意侵权行为（intentional tort)、过失侵权行为（negligence or negligent tort)和严格责任侵权行为 (strict liability tort). 对侵权行为的一般救济方法是对侵权行为所造成的损害予以一定的金钱补偿，在涉及交通事故等领域的侵权赔偿则广范采用保险赔偿的方式。
侵权法的原则简单有：
1、每个人都要对其侵权行为承担责任，在有限的形式下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童之代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责任），但国家不在此例，除非法律明确规定取消了国家的豁免权。
2、每个人包括新生儿都受到侵权法的保护。 当其被继承人或近亲属被故意或过失导致死亡时（非正常死亡之诉），继承人或近亲属可以提起损害赔偿之诉。
3、过失侵权责任以过失行为和对人身或财产的侵害之间的因果关系为前提要件。一个人若没有尽到其注意义务就被认为是有过失的。
⑺ 哪位有美国法法条（中英文）
Law of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The law of the United States was originally largely derived from the common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War.[1] However, the supreme law of the land is the United States Constitution and, under the Constitution's Supremacy Clause, laws enacted by Congress and treaties to which the U.S. is a party. These form the basis for federal laws under the federal constitution in the United States, circumscribing the boundaries of the jurisdiction of federal law and the laws in the fifty U.S. states and in the territories.
Contents [hide]
1 General overview
1.1 Sources of law
1.2 American common law
2 Federal law
3 State law
3.1 Criminal law
3.2 Criminal procere
3.3 Civil procere
3.4 Contract law
3.5 Tort law
3.6 Attempts at "uniform" laws
4 Local law
5 Odd exceptions
6 See also
6.1 Lists
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
美国法律
维基网络，自由的网络全书
美国法律源自美国独立战争时期的英国普通法体系，只是在最高权力条款规定下，美国宪法、国会制定的其他法律和美国参与的国际条约是国家的最高法律。这些文件组成了联邦制下联邦法律的基础，确定了联邦、五十个州与海外领地的法律权限。
目录 [隐藏]
1 总览
1.1 法律渊源
1.2 美国普通法
2 联邦法律
3 州法
3.1 刑法
3.2 侵权法
3.3 “统一”法律的尝试
4 地方法
5 稀奇古怪的例外
6 参见
6.1 列表
7 外部链接
8 注释
注：网络不允许加维基网络的网址，你自己去查一下好了，上面是部分内容。
⑻ 帮忙翻译成英语 谢谢
如果说美国侵权法上的惩罚性赔偿制度改革是个“解构”的过程，那么中国侵权法上的惩罚性赔偿制度则是一个“建构”问题。中国侵权法上是否需要引进惩罚性赔偿制度？如果回答是肯定的，该如何进行制度设计？中国侵权法又能从美国侵权法改革运动中获得哪些启示呢？
If the United States tort law on the punitive compensation system reform is a "Deconstruction " process, then the Chinese Tort Law on the system of punitive damages is a " construction" problem. Tort law of China on whether to introce the punitive compensation system? If the answer is yes, how to design the system? Tort law of China but also from the American tort reform movement derive what enlightenment?
中国现行法上的惩罚性赔偿制度主要存在于合同法领域,其典型立法例有三：一是鼎鼎大名的《消费者权益保护法》的第49条，规定“经营者提供商品或服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用的一倍”。二是《合同法》第89条的“定金罚则”，规定“收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的,应当双倍返还定金”。三是最高人民法院颁布的《关于审理商品房买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的第8条、第9条和第14条第2款，分别就商品房出卖人“一屋多买”、提供虚假信息、建筑面积误差等问题，规定了“不超过已付购房款一倍的赔偿”或“双倍返还”的赔偿责任。在侵权法领域，除了产品责任以外[54]，并无惩罚性赔偿制度的适用。
China's current law on the punitive compensation system exists mainly in the field of contract law and its typical legislation has three: one is a great reputation in the "consumer protection law" provisions of the forty-ninth, "operator providing goods or services fraud, consumers should be in accordance with the requirements for additional compensation for the losses incurred, the increased amount of the compensations for consumers to purchase the commodity price or accept service costs double ." Two is the "contract law" article eighty-ninth" earnest money "," accepting the deposit of one party fails to perform the agreed debt, it should be double the return of deposit ." Three was enacted by the Supreme People's Court on the trial of" commercial housing sales contracts dispute case applicable legal interpretation" of the eighth, ninth and fourteenth paragraph 2, respectively on the real estate seller "a house to buy ", providing false information, construction area of error problem, provides " no more than paid the purchase of a times the compensation " or "double return" the liability for compensation. In the field of tort law, in addition to proct liability, there is no punitive damages system.
虽然全国人大法工委主持起草的《侵权责任法》草案中并没有关于惩罚性赔偿制度的规定，但是目前学术界主要的四个草案均不同程度的在侵权法中引入了惩罚性赔偿制度：中国社会科学院法学研究所梁慧星教授主持的草案（以下简称“梁慧星”草案）和厦门大学麻昌华教授编写的草案（以下简称“麻昌华”草案），规定了对故意侵权行为适用惩罚性赔偿；[55]中国人民大学王利明教授主持的草案（以下简称“王利明”草案）和杨立新教授主持的草案（以下简称“杨立新”草案），则规定仅在产品侵权责任或证券侵权责任场合适用惩罚性赔偿责任。
Although the NPC Law Committee presided over the drafting of the" tort liability law" draft and not on the punitive damages system regulation, but the academic circles at present mainly four draft are in different levels of tort law is introced in the system of punitive damages : Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Professor Liang Huixing presided over the draft ( hereinafter referred to as the "Liang Huixing " the draft ) and the Xiamen University Ma professor Chang Hua prepared draft ( hereinafter referred to as " Ma Chang Hua" draft), provides for intentional torts punitive damages ; Renmin University of China professor Wang Liming presided over the draft ( hereinafter referred to as the "Wang Liming " of the draft ) and Professor Yang Lixin presided over the draft ( hereinafter referred to as the "Yang Lixin " of the draft ), set in only proct liability or tort liability of securities occasions punitive damages responsibility.
与美国侵权法改革中的遭遇相比，惩罚性赔偿制度在中国侵权法学界受到的更多的欢迎和追捧。从本文前述可知，尽管惩罚性赔偿制度在美国受到各州制定法的种种限制，但由于其具备强力的惩罚、震慑和预防功能，在美国侵权法上仍具有十分重要的地位。因此，中国侵权法引入惩罚性赔偿制度，不失为一种明智的选择。但是在立法理念上，不应大开“方便之门”、降低惩罚性赔偿的进入门槛，以防“王海现象”的死灰复燃。所以笔者认为，在制度设计上，仍要吸取美国侵权法改革的经验教训，一方面限制惩罚性赔偿制度的适用，制定相对严格的成立要件；另一方面，可参照原告所获得的填补性损害赔偿金，对惩罚性赔偿金额设定最高上限。这样一来，在国内五个侵权责任法草案中，“梁慧星”草案将适用条件严格限于“故意侵害他人生命、身体、健康或具有感情意义财产”之情形，将赔偿金数额上控制在“不超过（填补性损害）赔偿金3倍”之范围内，尺度拿捏得当，显得尤为严谨合理。
Comparing to the American tort reform in the encounter, the punitive damages system in Chinese tort law is more popular and sought after. From this paper the knowable, although the system of punitive damages in the United States by state law restrictions, but because of the strong punishment and deterrence and prevention function in American tort law still has a very important position. Therefore, China's tort law to introce the punitive damages system, can be regarded as a wise choice. But the legislation conception, should not be big " convenient ways " to rece the punitive damages to enter a doorsill, to prevent the " Wang Hai phenomenon" a stirring among the dry bones. So the author thinks, in the system design, still should draw lessons from the experience of the reform of American tort law, a limit punitive damages system developed relatively strict requirements ; on the other hand, may refer to the plaintiff the fill of compensation for punitive damages to set a maximum limit. As a result, in five a draft law on tort liability, "Liang Huixing " the draft will be the applicable condition is strictly limited to "deliberate infringement of life, body, health or emotional meaning property " of the situation, the amount of compensation control in "no more than ( fill damage ) damages of 3 times within the scope of scale to handle properly, is very rigorous and reasonable.
⑼ 美国侵权法和合同法的主要特点各是什么
给你提供个网站： www.questia.com/search ，用英语翻译好了再上面一查就知道了。另外奉劝一句，财大回就这答个课最愁人，以后告诉师弟师妹们不要选。