四大发明的意义英文介绍

① 四大发明英语介绍

The Four Great Inventions 四大发明

The Compass 指南针

Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼谷子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.

Gunpowder 火药

Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武经总要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.

Papermaking 造纸术

Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.

Printing 印刷术

Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.

The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.别要我逐句翻译，我办不了

② 四大发明英语简介！

The Four Great Inventions 四大发明
The Compass 指南针
Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼谷子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.
Gunpowder 火药
Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武经总要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.
Papermaking 造纸术
Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.
Printing 印刷术
Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.
The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.

③ 四大发明的意义英语

As we all know,The Compass ,Gunpowder ,Papermaking,and Printing are our Chinese great inventions.Our ancestors created them by their own mind and hand.These inventions not only have an effect on our daily life,but also contribute to the culture all aroud world.But which is the most useful and practical invention to us?Well,as far as I concerned,the paper that we use now was first invented in Han dynasty,at that time this invention did improve their hand writing.Just imagine how our life will be if we live without paper?so,in a word,I think the paper is the most useful invention.

④ 用英语介绍四大发明

你可以选择一段来用。
The Four Great Inventions

China's long history has seen some extremely important inventions emerge, most noticeably gunpowder, paper making, printing and the compass, which, in the words of Roger Bacon, changed the whole appearance and status of things in the world.

China was the first country in the world to make proper paper. Paper made ring the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-16 AD) has been found in Gansu Province, Xi'an and other places in Shaanxi Province as well as Xinjiang. A further development of paper is credited to Cai Lun of the Eastern Han (25-220). He used plant fiber such as tree bark, bits of rope, rags and worn-out fishing nets as raw materials. In 105, Cai presented the first batch of paper made under his supervision to the Han emperor, who was so delighted that he named the material "Marquis Cai's paper". Eastern Han Dynasty paper found in Wuwei, Gansu, in 1974 carried words which were still clearly decipherable. Thin, soft, and with a smooth finish and tight texture, this paper is the most refined and oldest paper discovered to date.

Before paper was invented, the ancient Chinese carved characters on pottery, animal bones and stones, cast them on bronzes, or wrote them on bamboo or wooden strips and silk fabric. These materials, however, were either too heavy or two expensive for widespread use. The invention and use of paper brought about a revolution in writing materials, paving the way for the invention of printing technology in the years to come.

The invention of gunpowder was no doubt one of the most significant achievements of the Middle Ages in China. The correct prescription for making gunpowder with nitre, sulphur and carbon was probably discovered in the ninth century. In fact, in his book, Ge Hong in the third century records the proceres for making a kind of mixture that could be ignited. After the Tang Dynasty (618-907), things took a much faster course as gunpowder was already used in simple hand-grenades which were thrown by a catapult. In 1126, Li Gang, a local official, recorded how he ordered the defenders of the city of Kaifeng to "fire cannons" at the invading Nuzhen tribal people, inflicting heavy casualties on the invaders.

The first prescription for gunpowder appeared in 1044, much earlier than the earliest (1265) gunpowder-making instructions recorded in Europe. By the Song Dynasty (960-1126), gunpowder was in extensive use. Weapons made with it included rifles and rockets. The Song army also used a kind of flame thrower which involved packing gunpowder into bamboo tubes. The earliest picture of a European cannon shows that it bears a striking similarity to Chinese cannon of 1128.

About 1230, the Song army had cannon powerful enough to breach city walls.

A bronze Chinese cannon cast in 1332 is the oldest one in the world extant today. Many bronze and iron cannons have been unearthed in China, most of them bearing inscriptions dating them to between 1280 and 1380.

On the basis of printing using carved blocks in the Tang Dynasty, Bi Sheng of the Northern Song Dynasty invented movable type printing in the 1040s, which ushered in a major revolution in the history of printing.

Bi's printing consisted of four processes: making the types, composing the text, printing and retrieving the movable types. According to Dream Stream Essays, Bi Sheng carved indivial characters on squares of sticky clay, then baked them make clay type pieces. When composing a text, he put a large iron frame on a piece of iron board and arranged the words within the frame. While one plate was being printed, another plate could be composed. After printing, the movable types were taken away and stored for future use. Movable type printing has a very important position in the history of printing, for all later printing methods such as wooden type, copper type and lead type printing invariably developed on the basis of movable clay types. Bi Sheng created movable type printing more than four hundred years earlier than it was invented in Europe.

According to ancient records, natural magnets were employed in China as direction-finding devices. This led to the first compass, called a sinan (south-pointing ladle) ring the Warring States Period. In the Han Dynasty compasses consisted of a bronze on which 24 directions were carved and a rod made from a natural magnet. Such devices were in use until the eighth century.

In the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo described the floating compass, suspended in water, a technique which minimized the effect of motion on the instrument. This enabled the compass to be used for sea navigation for the first time. The invention of the compass promoted maritime undertakings, and its use soon spread to the Arab world, and thence to Europe.

China's four great ancient inventions made tremendous contributions to the world's economy and the culture of mankind. They were also important symbols of China's role as a great world civilization.

⑤ 中国古代四大发明英文介绍

The Four Great Inventions of China:
The Compass指南针
Gunpowder火药
Paper纸
Printing印刷内术容

These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far-ranging global impact.

⑥ 求四大发明的英文资料

四大发明是中国人的说法

外国人基本都不承认的

关于这些发明外国人有自己的论述 看看外国人写的世界史就知道了

纸张是埃及人发明的 火药 一般论述是中国和阿拉伯人最先使用

印刷术是中国 人最早使用 但是活字印刷术 最早是荷兰一个人，但是最早的作品是德国人的

罗盘 是阿拉伯人发明的 就这些吧

⑦ 四大发明的英文简介以及中文

参考：The Four Great Inventions 四大发明

The Compass 指南针

Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼谷子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.

Gunpowder 火药

Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武经总要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.

Papermaking 造纸术

Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.

Printing 印刷术

Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.

The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.
希望对你有帮助~

⑧ 中国现代四大发明英文介绍

中国现代四大发明一般指新四大发明，所谓“新四大发明“是指“高铁、扫码支付、共享单车和网购”。2017年5月，来自“一带一路”沿线的20国青年评选出了“中国的新四大发明”：高铁、扫码支付、共享单车和网购。

1、High-speed rail

On October 1, 1964, Tokaido Shinkansen Line was officially opened to traffic. The operation speed is as high as 210 km/h. So the first real high-speed railway in the world was invented by Japan. This marks the arrival of a new era of high-speed railway in the world.

As a pioneer of high-speed railway in the world, Japan has accumulated rich experience for other countries, including China, which have not yet developed or are developing high-speed railway, and transferred some technology to these countries to help them develop high-speed railway system faster and more conveniently.

In March 2006, the CRH2A train Retrofitted from E2 series 1000 sets sailed from Kobe Port to Qing, China, and transferred some technology to China, thus ushering in the era of high-speed railway in China.

中文翻译：

1、高铁

1964年10月1日，日本东海道新干线正式通车。运营速度高达210公里/小时。故世界上第一条真正意义上的高速铁路由日本发明。这标志着世界高速铁路新纪元的到来。

日本作为世界高速铁路的先驱为包括中国在内的其他尚未或正在发展高速铁路的国家积累了丰富的经验，并有偿转让了部分技术予这些国家，以帮助其更快、更方便地发展高速铁路系统。

2006年3月，由E2系1000番台改造而来的CRH2A型列车从神户港装船出发前往中国青岛，并转让部分技术予中国，由此开启了中国的高铁时代。

2、Sweep Payment

The scanner payment model is based on the concept of mobile payment, and the earliest batch of payments made by mobile devices occurred in Finland in 1997. Finnish local media reported that Finland Telecom has launched a service to operate jukeboxes and beverage vending machines by dialing a pay phone number, which can buy Coca-Cola at Helsinki Airport.

The scanned two-dimensional code was invented by Japan DW Company in 1994.

2、扫码支付

扫码支付的模式建立在移动支付的概念上，而最早一批由移动设备完成的付款发生在1997年的芬兰。芬兰当地媒体报道，芬兰电信启用了通过拨打一个付费电话号码来操作点唱机和饮料自动售货机的服务，这项服务可以在赫尔辛基机场买可口可乐。

扫描的二维码则是1994年由日本DW公司发明。

3、Shared bicycle

As early as 1965, Amsterdam Municipal Government of the Netherlands put forward the "White Plan", according to which 50 bicycles were purchased by the government and painted with white paint and scattered around the city for people to use.

This is the earliest unmanned shared bicycle system in the world, so the shared bicycle was invented by the Netherlands. In 2007, France also had the freedom of bicycle travel. Later, it became popular and innovative in China, and promoted overseas.

3、共享单车

早在1965年，荷兰的阿姆斯特丹市政府提出了“白色计划”，根据该计划由政府购置50辆自行车并将其刷上白漆作为记号散放在城市各处供人使用，这是世界上最早的无人管理的共享单车系统，故共享单车由荷兰发明。2007年，法国也有单车自由行，到后来才中国风靡和创新模式发展，并推广海外。

4、online shopping

Online shopping belongs to the category of electronic commerce. In 1979, British Michael Aldrich invented the concept of online shopping. Aldridge used a technology called Videotex to connect ordinary televisions to local retailers'computers over telephone lines.

By the 1990s, after Amazon and eBay launched their websites in 1995, e-commerce began to be popular around the world.

4、网购

网购属于电子商务的范畴。在1979年，英国人麦克·奥德里奇（Michael Aldrich）发明了网上购物的概念。奥德里奇利用一种被称为Videotex的技术，通过电话线将普通电视机连接到了当地零售商的电脑。

到20世纪90年代，亚马逊和eBay在1995年推出了他们的网站后，电子商务开始在全球流行。

(8)四大发明的意义英文介绍扩展阅读：

1、中国古代四大发明

四大发明，是关于中国科学技术史的一种观点，是指中国古代对世界具有很大影响的四种发明，是中国古代劳动人民的重要创造，是指造纸术、指南针、火药及印刷术。

此一说法最早由英国汉学家艾约瑟提出并为后来许多中国的历史学家所继承，普遍认为这四种发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用，且这些发明经由各种途径传至西方，对世界文明发展史也产生了很大的影响。

2、历史意义

造纸术的发明：为人类提供了经济﹑便利的书写材料，掀起一场人类文字载体革命。

雕版印刷术的发明：大大促进了文化的传播。

指南针的发明：为欧洲航海家的航海活动，提供了条件。

火药武器的发明：火药武器的使用，改变了作战方式，帮助欧洲资产阶级摧毁了封建堡垒，加速了欧洲的历史进程。

⑨ 四大发明英文简介

Made in China: Four Great Inventions by Char4U.com

China is well known for its introction of ways and means to help ease the life of mankind. Among the inventions of Ancient China, four emerged as great contributions to the developments and changes not only to the country, but also to the world’ economy and culture.

The four great inventions of Ancient China were papermaking, commercial printing, gunpowder, and the compass.

Papermaking

Even before there was paper, the Ancient China already has its way of writing down its characters by way of carving on pottery, stones and animal bones, on bamboo or wooden strips and silk. They even cast their characters on bronzes. However, these proved to be too heavy or too expensive for the Chinese to use in corresponding with others. Hence, paper was invented.

Proper paper was first discovered in Gansu Province. It was a proof that from the time of the Western Han Dynasty, the Chinese already used paper. But it was Cai Lun who invented a more developed art of papermaking using plant fibers as raw materials. The first batch made, which was supervised by Cai Lun himself, was presented to the Han Emperor in 105 AD, which so delighted the Emperor that he named the material as “Marqui Cai’s paper”.

This very important invention paved the way for other writing materials to emerge, as well as provide the means for the invention of commercial printing later on.

Commercial Printing

It was Bi Sheng who first introced movable type printing in the 1040’s, which was considered as the major force in the history of commercial printing. Bi Sheng used squares of clay where he curved indivial Chinese characters. Later on, other types of printing such as wood, copper and lead evolved from this clay type movable printing.

However, this significant invention did not make a great impact compared to the way Gutenberg’s moveable type revolutionized the Western world. It was e to the fact that the indivial characters used were so many, while the English language only needs 26 characters. It was much easier to manipulate the latter on a printing press than the 3000-5000 Chinese characters. Nevertheless, commercial printing in Ancient China changed the way people reproced their printed materials.

Gunpowder

The other two great inventions were gunpowder and the compass. The Chinese demonstrated their invention of gunpowder in the 18th century AD when it was used by the army of the Song Dynasty. By combining sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate, the Chinese found a way to develop new weapons, including rockets launched from bamboo tubes.

Compass

On the other hand, the compass was widely used in Ancient China for navigational purposes. The Chinese found out that natural magnets are abundant, and that by making magnets, they were able to align the pieces in a North/South position. The magnets were then placed in a bowl of water with directional bearings.