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無形資產管理的文獻

發布時間:2020-12-09 03:34:36

❶ 請推薦一篇有關無形資產投資的英文文獻

您好,

無形資產投資(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets)

What is the investment in intangible assets?
Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%.

Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account.

Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.

What is the intangible asset?
Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets.

(1) and intangible characteristics:

1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights.

2, to bring excess profits.

3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term.

(2), intangible assets, including:

1, patents

2, know-how

3, the franchise

4, the right to use the premises

5, trademark

6, goodwill

(C), the classification of intangible assets:

1, according to the validity of the points:

(1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the

(2), no period of intangible assets

2, according to whether or not there may refer to:

(1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the indivial, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on.

(2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill.

3, according to whether or not protected by law:

(1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, rights and so on.

(2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how.

Analysis of intangible investment:
Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage.

According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low.

Investment management of intangible assets:
Intangible asset investment decision-making methods and decision-making investment in fixed assets the same way. Also need to calculate the decision-making targets. However, it is more complex than the investment in fixed assets. Because:

1, intangible assets are invested in various forms.

2, intangible assets and the investment period has been over-time earnings is difficult to predict.

3, intangible assets increased over the proceeds of uncertainty there.

The day-to-day control of intangible assets: include the following:

1, an increase of intangible assets management

Whether purchased, the self-built, or other inputs, for all legal proceres, according to the actual cost, or by the rating agencies to assess valuation.

2, amortization of intangible assets management

(1) the effective useful life of intangible assets:

① law and the provisions of the contract are valid in accordance with the principles of the short side.

② no legal provisions of the contract, according to the provisions of the contract determine the number of years.

③ not provided for by not less than 10 years to determine the validity.

3, the calculation of the amount of amortization of intangible assets:

= Amortization in the amount of the original price / effective service life

4, the use of intangible assets management:

(1) potential to improve the utilization of intangible assets.

(2) to implement centralized management at different levels. Such as patents, technology must be managed by the technology sector, the franchise, the right to use the site to the proction and marketing departments. Sales by the trademark management, in order to clear responsibility to enhance the effectiveness of the use.

Intangible assets investment accounts and tax-related issues to deal with:
According to the intangible assets to obtain a different way, namely by the following provisions to deal with. "Enterprise Accounting System," the 44th article stipulates: "The business acquired intangible assets, measures should be based on actual costs. Made at the time of the actual cost should be determined in the following way:

(A) acquired intangible assets, according to the actual price paid for the actual cost.

(B) investors into the intangible assets, investment by the parties identified as the value of the actual cost. However, for the first time to issue shares and investors to accept the input of intangible assets, intangible assets should be in the investor's book value as the actual cost.

(C) the business of the debtor to accept non-cash assets to cover liabilities of the acquired intangible assets, or debt-for-entry e to intangible assets, according to the book value of accounts receivable claims to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following provisions of the transferee to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:

1. Receipt of the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable less the premium, plus related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;

2. To pay the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable plus the premium paid and to pay related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.

(D) to non-monetary transactions for the entry of intangible assets, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following requirements for entry to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:

1. Receipt of the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should be recognized in the income and pay less taxes and fees related to the balance of payment of a premium, as the actual cost;

2. To pay the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees and premium, as the actual cost.

(E) to accept donations of intangible assets, the following provisions shall determine the actual costs:

1. Donation to provide relevant evidence, according to the evidence indicating the amount to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.

2. Donor did not provide such evidence, according to the following order to determine the actual costs:

(1) the same or similar intangible assets of the existence of an active market, according to the same or similar intangible assets is estimated that the amount of market prices, together with the related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;

(2) the same or similar intangible assets no active market, according to accept the donation of intangible assets is expected to present value of future cash flows, as the actual cost. "

The 45th article stipulates that: "in accordance with legal proceres to apply for self-developed intangible assets acquired, according to the law made when the registration fee, lawyer fees, as the actual cost of intangible assets. Occur in the course of research and development of materials Cost of personnel directly involved in the development of wages and welfare, development occurred in rent, the cost of borrowing, and so on, into direct current profit and loss. Periods have been included in the cost of research and development costs, and the success of the intangible assets in accordance with the law The right to apply, no longer have been included in the original cost of the capitalization of research and development costs. "

The 47th article stipulates: "The corporate purchase or sell gold to cover the cost of land acquisition of land use rights, not yet in the development or use of the construction project, accounting for intangible assets in accordance with the present system of the period provided for a phased amortization. Room Real estate development companies to develop real estate, land-use rights should be the book value into all development costs; business as a result of the use of land for the construction of a project for their own use, land-use rights to the book value into all-in-progress costs. "

Enterprises with investment from outside of intangible assets, the same non-monetary transaction regulations.

Guoshuifa [1993] No. 149: "Investment in real estate shares, investors accept to participate in the distribution of profits, the share of investment risk, do not levy sales tax." "With regard to equity investment business income tax notice of a number of issues" (Guoshuifa [2000 ] No. 118) article 3, paragraph 1, a "business to business activities of some non-monetary assets of foreign investments, including shares of the company's shareholders for its corporate operations in non-monetary assets to buy shares of company stock allocation should be Investment in the transaction occurs, will be broken down into its fair value based on sales of non-monetary assets and economic investment in the two operations to deal with income tax, calculated in accordance with the provisions of the asset transfer income or loss. "Based on the above provisions to intangible assets outside Investment, from paying business tax, but be required to pay income tax.

希望對您有幫助。

❷ 畢業論文題目《如何加強無形資產的日常管理》

如果你寫論文遇到困難的話,可以找誠信義論文服務網www.chengxinyi.com 花一點點錢,就專可以省很多心啦,質屬量也有保障

❸ 我需要一篇關於無形資產或者無形資產管理的英文文獻及翻譯。

我也求啊。。。你有找到么?

❹ 求一篇 關於無形資產的 外文文獻,最好是2007年以後的期刊。內容可以是無形資產分類,評價,管理……

你好,很高興為你解答:
BEA Briefing: Toward Better Measurement of Innovation and Intangibles
這個是09年滴
Remarks on the Measurement, Valuation, and Reporting of Intangible Assets
04年滴
應該不止三千多字 而且很遺憾 pdf格式 ms還不專能復制粘貼。。。
需要的話留個屬郵箱吧

❺ 求助一篇關於企業無形資產的論文

無形資產實則就是一種資源配置模式,亦即無形資產要進入新建單位。不同類型的無形資產在其配置過程中可跟據企業的經營性質形成不同的組合:名稱權與商標權組合;名稱權與商標權和域名的組合;商標權與專利商的組合;商標權與專利權版權組合;名稱權與商標權和技術秘密或經營秘密的組合等若干形式。
當你開始創建經濟實體也就意味著無形資產經營的開始,此階段無形資產資源配置包括確定單位名稱,確定新建單位所用無形資產的種類,數量,無形資本占總資本的比例,無形資產的估價方式,未來無形資產的應用及發展目標等。
一般而言,無形資產的進入方式有五種:
1 以資本或股份的方式進入,即投資方以無形資產作為出資形式,向新建單位投資,無形資產的所有者為企業的股東,享有股東的各種權利和義務;
2 以資本和負債的形式進入企業,即投資方以以無形資產作為出資形式,向新建單位投資,同時又向新建單位收取無形資產的使用費,無形資產所有都為股東和債權人的雙重身份;
3 投資方共同創造,即在創建期間投資各方共同創建新的無形資產,這種方式是典型的單位名稱權和商標權;
4 特許經營方式,即新建單位以特許經營的方式使用特許方的無形資產,向特許方支付特許使用費;
5 外部引進方式,即在創建期間從外部引進無形資產。

❻ 關於無形資產問題的思考的參考文獻有什麼

一、無形資產的概念
「無形資產」這一術語,在不同的學科,不同應用環境中,有不同的定義。我國《企業會計准則--無形資產》中將無形資產定義為:「企業為生產商品、提供勞務、出租給他人,或為管理目的而持有的、沒有實物形態的非貨幣性長期資產」。[1]此定義與國際會計准則第38號[2]的定義基本一致,所不同的是國際會計准則將商譽排除在外,而我國會計准則則包括商譽。但國際會計准則第22號----企業合並[3]中,對商譽的會計處理作了規定,也就是說國際會計准則實際上也認為商譽是可以確認的,美國正在修訂中的無形資產准則則將商譽作為無形資產的一種。 我國《資產評估准則--無形資產》中將無形資產定義為:「特定主體控制的,不具有實物形態,對生產經營長期發揮作用且能帶來經濟利益的資源。」[4]並且也將商譽作為無形資產的一種。《國際評估准則--國際評估指南四--無形資產》中的無形資產定義為:「無形資產是以其經濟特性而顯示其存在的一種資產,無形資產無具體的物理形態,但為其擁有者獲取了權益和特權,而且通常為其擁有者帶來收益。」[5]它也將商譽列作無形資產的一種。
在會計准則中,主要從會計確認、計量和報告角度來界定無形資產。一般認為財務會計報告應提供會計主體各項資產的可用資源的信息,那麼,對無形資產這一特定資產進行單獨計價就是必須的。但是,由於無形資產的未來效益有極大的不確定性,而且缺乏活躍的市場,則可行的計量屬性應是歷史成本,或是根據一般購買力變動進行調整後的成本。這就要求必須要有交易或事項的發生,並且每項無形資產的成本能夠單獨辨認,所以會計上單獨確認的單項無形資產必須是可辨認的。對於商譽,只能在企業整體轉讓時,也就是有交易發生且成本可以可靠計量時才可能確認。這樣,在國際評估准則中明確提到的關系類無形資產,如工作人員的組合,與顧客的關系等則不能作為無形資產在會計上單獨確認。這種關系類的無形資產是非契約性的,短期存在的,難以控制的,我國從謹慎的角度出發,在資產評估准則中將無形資產限定在長期發揮作用的范圍內,會計准則將無形資產也限定為長期資產,可以說都將關系類無形資產排除在外。理論上講,資產的價值在於其未來的經濟利益,有形資產的取得成本可認為是對該資產未來經濟利益流入的現值的現時估計。無形資產尤其是自創無形資產,由於其取得支出是長期的、不易確指的,會計上只把一小部分認定為取得成本,因此,取得成本與其未來的經濟利益是弱相關的。而會計上又是以取得成本來計量無形資產的,很多情況下是低估了無形資產。因此,藉助於科學的無形資產評估,對會計確認的無形資產進行調整在理論上是必要的。
資產評估准則側重於強調無形資產的未來經濟利益,而並不注重其取得成本是否可確指。盡管評估無形資產有時可採用成本法,但一般認為成本與無形資產的價值在多數情況下是不相關的。資產評估准則對無形資產的定義更接近於其經濟學中的含義。在經濟方面而言,無形資產是某類價值的代表。這種價值是企業盈利的剩餘(即,所得利益超過其資本應得的利息及企業家應得的報酬的部分)。按照一定的利率折現後的現值。它強調的是無形資產能夠帶來超額收益,而不去區分它能否單獨辨認。
上述種種關於無形資產的闡釋,各有所側重,各自考慮本學科的特點,無所謂孰是孰非。從資產評估角度來說,有兩個主要問題需要解決:第一,什麼樣的經濟現象可以作為無形資產加以評估,也就是說資產評估中的無形資產應具備什麼屬性;第二,什麼樣的經濟現象能夠表明或顯示無形資產的價值,從而為評估無形資產的價值提供依據。

二、無形資產的屬性
(一)無形資產應是財產,應具有財產權利和責任
作為一項有財產權利的財產,應該是可以描述和確切辨認的,也就是說它應具有明顯的邊界。商譽在企業正常的經營中,無法單獨辨認,因此,是否把商譽作為無形資產尚存在爭議。
作為一項財產,其財產權利應能夠得到法律保護,也就是說財產所帶來的經濟利益能夠被企業所控制。從這一角度考慮,關系類無形資產不符合財產要求。雖然它可以給企業帶來經濟利益,但這種經濟利益是無法控制的,具有非常大的不確定性,因為關系本身不受法律保護。資產評估對於無形資產帶來的經濟利益,是指它的預期未來利益,而不是指它的現實或過去的實際利益。這就要求企業能夠合法控制無形資產的未來經濟利益,而關系的未來不確定性很大,因此作為無形資產不是很合理。從評估風險角度來說,對那些不受法律保護的所謂無形資產進行評估也是不可取的。
作為目標無形資產不一定要擁有所有的法定財產權,如處置權。有些無形資產如政府給予的特許經營權,它所帶來的經濟利益是顯而易見的,並且能夠被企業所控制,受法律保護。但是這種權利卻不能任意轉讓。資產評估中對於能否作為目標無形資產,主要看它能否給企業帶來可以控制的預期經濟利益,不能因為無處置權而否定其作為目標無形資產的資格。會計上也並不要求擁有所有法定財產權利,才能作為企業的資產,它著眼於某項資產的風險和報酬是否被企業所控制。從這一點上看,資產評估與會計對資產的界定是基本相同的。
當然無形資產和其他資產一樣,其控制者也應當承擔相應的責任,如納稅、接受政府監管以及對無形資產給他人造成的損失承擔法律責任等。
(二)無形資產不具有實物形態
這是無形資產區別於有形資產的一個明顯特徵。有形資產應該有物質形式,具有可觸性和可視性,如你可以觸摸並看到廠房、設備、存貨等。但是無形資產的證明文件也是可觸、可視的,如你也可以觸摸並看到專利證書、特許經營權協議等;另一方面,有形資產和無形資產的價值,實質上都來自其財產權利,而這種財產權利都是無形的。從形式上看,有形資產和無形資產的區別並不明顯,要區分有形資產和無形資產應從本質上考察。有形資產和無形資產的本質區別在於;有形資產的價值是由它的有形性質所創造的;而無形資產的價值是由它的無形性質所創造的,也就是說,有形資產的可觸的、有形的和可視的因素賦於其價值。有形資產的價值來自於它的物質特徵,盡管其財產權利是無形的,但它來源於其物質特性。而無形資產的價值或來自於某些權利如許可權、抵押權等,或來自於一些無形因素影響,如競爭優勢,獨一無二性等,這些無形資產的價值來源都是無形的。
正是由於無形資產價值來源於其無形特性,要想作為一種可確認的、受法律保護的財產,必須能夠提供無形資產存在的有形證明。有些無形影響因素如神秘性,市場潛力等對企業來說是有價值的,但它們並不能作為無形資產,它們缺乏有效的有形證明。它們的價值是隨著與之相聯系的特定財產而產生的,這一特定財產可以是無形資產,也可以是有形資產。
(三)無形資產應該是在可確認的時間內或作為可確認事件的結果而產生或存在的,同時也應該在可確認的時間內作為可確認事件的結果而被破壞或終止
同其他資產一樣,無形資產是在某一特定時刻產生的,也許此前要經過很長一段時間的醞釀才得以創造和開發出來。這樣就需要提供證明無形資產產生的依據,往往這一依據是它的有形證明文件。也就是說,一種存在狀態,如果沒有能夠證明其產生或存在的可辨認證明,則不能作為無形資產。
同它在特定的時刻產生一樣,無形資產也應該在某一特定的日期消亡。有的無形資產有確切的有效期,則它將在有效期滿消亡;有的無形資產並無確切的有效期限,並不能在開始時就清楚它的確切消亡時間,但它將在某一特定時刻消亡是勿庸置疑的。認識無形資產使用壽命的有限性對於資產評估來說是非常有意義的,在評估其價值時應充分考慮其貶值的程度和可使用的程度。無形資產使用壽命的有限性,也為會計上對無形資產的攤銷提供了依據。

三、無形資產價值的表明或顯示
無形資產具有經濟價值的表現之一,是它本身能夠帶來可計量的經濟利益。這種經濟利益可以表現為增加收入、降低成本或提高管理效率等。有時這種經濟利益的量化較為困難,但它必須能夠量化。如果直接量化不可行,可以採用間接方法,如可以通過把使用目標無形資產時產生的經濟利益與該無形資產不存在時的經濟利益相比較來計量該無形資產的價值。如果無法量化其價值,則無論是資產評估還是會計都不能將其確認。有必要區分一下無形資產的經濟存在形式和它的經濟價值,作為目標無形資產僅僅具有經濟存在形式是不夠的,它還必須具有經濟價值,二者缺一不可。如一個企業設計了一個商標並將其注冊,則它已具備商標權的經濟存在形式,但如果企業將其永遠鎖在抽屜,而不準備用於任何目的,則它不具有經濟價值,當然它就不能作為目標無形資產。
無形資產具有經濟價值的另一種表現是,能夠潛在地增加與之相聯系的其他資產的價值。也就是說如果將目標無形資產加入到一個資產組合中,它能夠產生積極影響。無形資產本身可以產生經濟價值,如出租無形資產的收益;有時,無形資產需要藉助一些有形資產才能實現或充分實現其經濟價值,但不論哪種形式來實現,都可說明無形資產是具有價值的。
無形資產領域的爭論很激烈,認識差異較大。筆者認為,作為目標無形資產,具備合法的經濟存在形式並且具有可量化的經濟價值這一點應該是必須的。

❼ 請提供一篇關於無形資產的英文文獻

無形資產投資(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets)

What is the investment in intangible assets?
Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%.

Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account.

Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.

What is the intangible asset?
Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets.

(1) and intangible characteristics:

1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights.

2, to bring excess profits.

3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term.

(2), intangible assets, including:

1, patents

2, know-how

3, the franchise

4, the right to use the premises

5, trademark

6, goodwill

(C), the classification of intangible assets:

1, according to the validity of the points:

(1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the

(2), no period of intangible assets

2, according to whether or not there may refer to:

(1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the indivial, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on.

(2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill.

3, according to whether or not protected by law:

(1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, rights and so on.

(2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how.

Analysis of intangible investment:
Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage.

According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low.

❽ 畢業論文《如何加強無形資產的日常管理》範文

企}業}無}形}資}產}管}理 摘要:加強企業無形資產管理,是知識經濟對現代企業管理提出的迫切要求,是現代企業管理的重中 之重,也是現代企業管理者更好地適應知識經濟和有效地進行知識管理的必然選擇。通過對無形資產的培育 和開發、運作和經營、轉化與增值、拓展和創新、擴散和傳播、保持與維護等六個方面加強管理,進而為企 業無形資產帶來可觀的經濟效益。 關健詞:企業;無形資產管理;效益 無形資產管理是知識管理的核心內容,加強企 業無形資產管理,是知識經濟對現代企業管理提出 的迫切要求。所謂無形資產是指沒有實物形態,但 能被所有者佔有、使用並帶來經濟效益的資產。企 業的無形資產主要包括商標權、專有技術、經營謀 略、產品質量、服務信譽、企業精神等。總之,一 切與企業生產經營有關,能為企業帶來經濟效益, 不具備物質實體的資產,都屬於無形資產。無形資 產是企業在生產經營中靠自身日積月累、不斷努 力,經過長期提高逐漸培育出來的,它潛在地存在 於企業中,如經驗、技術、人才、企業精神、職工 素質、企業信譽等。如何加強企業的無形資產管 理?筆者認為應著重抓好如下六個環節。 追趕先進水平,實現無形資產的更新換代與質量升 級,以更好地滿足市場需求。四是取得規模效益, 無形資產沒有一定的規模就很難有競爭,要走集約 化經營的路子,成立跨地區、跨行業的聯合集團, 以取得無形資產的規模效益。在做好以上工作的同 時應堅持以下四條原則:第一,名優特新原則;第 二,外向原則;第三,因企業制宜原則;第四,循 序漸進原則。 二、無形資產的運作和經營 一、無形資產的培育和開發 無形資產是一個企業綜合實力的集中體現,是 企業的科技水平、設計水平、研發水平、管理水平 和營銷水平的凝結。無形資產的培育和開發是二個 艱苦而漫長的過程,往往需要花費幾代人的心血。 在此過程中要重點做好以下四方面的工作:一是確 保質量。質量是培育和開發無形資產的基礎。今天 的質量就是明天的市場和效益。二是格守信譽。在 市場經濟條件下,企業要通過講信譽創造一個良好 的外部環境;不講信譽等於慢性自殺,良好的信譽 可以使無形資產增值。三是注重科技進步。要加快 企業科技的研究與並發,並吸收一切先進技術和管 理經驗,提高企業無形資產的科技含量,從而不斷 無形資產的經營比有形資產經營具有更大的運 作空間,企業無形資產的升值比有形資產的擴張來 說,可以具有更高的速度和更大的空間,無形資產 經營是企業資產運營的高級階段。高明的資產經營 者通過無形資產運營代替有形資產投人,實現少投 資甚至不投資也能收購企業、合並企業或戰略聯 盟。知識經濟時代的到來,使各種無形資產—品牌、知識產權、軟體、媒體內容和技能的價值迅速 升值。一方面,新興產業和高新技術企業的無形資 產佔全部資產比例愈來愈大,無形資產日益成為創 造財富的主動力;另一方面,經濟全球化刺激世界 各地對國際名牌的消費需求擴大,更加速了無形資 產在全球的擴張。微軟公司以無形資產為主成為近 十年來世界成長最快的公司就是一個極好的例子。 無形資產的運作與經營是企業資產經營的核心。其 主要運作與經營的方式是企業並購,通過轉換經營 機制、提高管理水平、戰略協同、文化融合、技術 改造、資產重組、制度創新等確保並購成功。 三、無形資產的轉化與增值 無形資產轉化為有形資產的過程,即是無形資 產增值的過程。要使無形資產轉化為有形資產,從 而獲得巨大的經濟效益和社會效益,必須做好以下 兩方面的工作:一方面,要健全轉化機制;這一機 制要充分體現以國家的產業政策、法規為引導,以 市場需求為動力,以信息傳播為手段;另一方面, 要增強轉化動力。企業要根據無形資產在市場上實 現價值的大小,給予其創造者相應的獎勵,以激勵 其創新的積極性。 須根據知識經濟給企業帶來的挑戰和機遇,更新決 策觀念、決策程序、決策方法;要把提高效率和效 益作為管理的根本目的。四是技術創新,一方面, 要重視新產品的開發,重點開發根據新的知識及發 明創造,採用新原理、新技術、新材料等研製而成 的新產品;另一方面,必須重視以關鍵技術的創新 和應用為主要職能的「企業技術研發中心」的建 設。要做好以上四個方面的工作,須實現四個方面 的轉變,即:由一次性創新向持續性創新轉變;由 個別產品創新向系列產品創新轉變;由單一的技術 創新向「區域間」的技術主體創新轉變;由相互 競爭封鎖向聯合技術創新與共享市場資源轉變。 四、無形資產的拓展和創新五、無形資產的擴散和傳播 作為一種知識形態存在的無形資產,其不斷拓 展和創新問題比起有形資產來說更為重要。所不同 的是,以往傳統的模式是單向直線型的,即研究一 開發一生產一銷售,在知識經濟條件下,無形資產 的創新模式是互動型的,創新過程中的潛在市場研 究、開發或構思、設計與試驗、完善與生產以及銷 售等各階段之間都有縱橫交錯的相互作用關系。這 就要求以科研部門、大學、企業等組成的創新體系 打破部門之間的壁壘,互相溝通,協調動作,形成 創新合力。創新是無形資產續存的生命力所在,無 形資產需要相應的創新活動予以充分保障,具體地 說有以下四個方面:一是企業觀念創新。應樹立以 知識為企業發展的主要推動力的觀念,重視無形資 產的引進、更新與應用;應樹立無形資產是企業重 要戰略資源的觀念;應樹立無形資產可作為企業間 資源加以共享的觀念;應樹立人才以及人才的素質 是企業生存之本的觀念等。二是組織創新。對無形 資產的管理需要不同於傳統的組織形式,其主要特 點是:第一,建立高彈性、高效率的網路;第二, 組織決策由集權制向分權制轉變;第三,企業組織 界限進一步擴大,經營面進一步拓寬;第四,長期 地、動態地、快速地提高人的素質。三是管理方式 創新。無形資產管理要求企業更加重視知識、智力 的投人,重視柔性生產和滿足消費形式的多樣化。 要把擁有各種知識的高素質人才作為管理問題的核 心;要把對職工的終身教育作為企業管理的基礎, 從根本上提高職工各項素質;要以信息和知識的共 享為基礎,促進知識的交流、更新和運用;企業必 企業無形資產的擴散與傳播方式:一是通過市 場向消費者有效輸送某種理念;二是傳播與企業新 產品、管理、形象有關的知識;三是利用公關手段 實現無形資產能量的擴散。在無形資產的擴散和傳 播過程中,企業形象是最重要的內容,名牌是最直 接的體現,互聯網是最有效的渠道。 六、無形資產的保持與維護 無形資產既然已成為企業最為寶貴的資源,那 么企業就有責任去很好地珍惜和維護它。一是運用 好法律手段。要通過法律手段確立無形資產的合法 地位,主動配合執法部門整頓市場秩序,依法打假 治劣,及時利用媒體揭露侵權行為。二是不斷地調 整與變化。要適應消費者的需要,在保持無形資產 內在特色的前提下及時適應消費者習慣、偏好的變 化,以使企業生產經營與市場和消費者的需要保持 同步。三是保證質量。高質量是無形資產的靈魂和 生命力所在。在無形資產運營中,應慎重選擇聯營 或並購的企業,切不可為一時之利葬送自己數十年 苦心經營的牌子。四是要不斷創新。只有不斷創新 才能增強競爭力,才能鞏固已取得的優勢地位和避 免競爭對手模仿,也才能真正不斷滿足市場需求。 綜上所述,我們不難看出,企業無形資產管理 是一種運用綜合智慧,加強企業的無形資產的管 理,既是現代企業管理的重中之重,也是現代企業 管理者更好地適應知識經濟和有效地進行知識管理 的必然選擇。

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