1. 幫忙找一份關於無形資產計量方面的外國文獻
這里有一篇
2. 幫我找一篇跟 高校無形資產流失 或相關的外文文獻啊
哈哈我找到了，不知道是不是你要的，看看吧
試析高校無形資產流失的原因及對策
簡介：無形資產是高校的一項重要資產,具有非實體性、網路效應、不確定性、時效性等特徵。由於高校在無形資產管理方面重視不夠,缺少相應的規章制度,高校的無形資產流失嚴重。文章針對這一現狀,指出高校應採取有效的措施,增強無形資產管理意識,強化無形資產核算,建立有效的激勵機制,防止開形資產的流失。
一、高校無形資產的含義及特徵
高校無形資產是指高校長期使用而沒有實物形態的資產,主要包括專利權、非專利技術、土地使用權、校名校譽等,其中:專利權指一項發明、創造、設計或革新的首創者,對成果擁有專用權和排他權。按專利法規定,專利可分為三種:發明專利、實用新型專利和外觀設計專利。高校的專利權主要是通過縱向科研課題研究、橫向課題的開發而取得的科研成果,是高校科研水平的重要體現;非專利技術指在生產和經濟活動的實踐當中已經採用的,但需要保密又不享有法律保護的各種技術、知識和經驗。包括高校在教學和非教學活動中的圖紙設計資料、材料和成分配方、某種製造工藝、醫療方案以及各種先進的管理方法和經驗等。
上述資產都具有如下特點:(1)非實體性,無形資產雖然不是一定的實體資產,但它可以被感知、被測試。(2)網路效應,無形資產能被多個單位同時使用的。(3)不確定性,它提供的經濟價值具有不確定性,其潛在價值和使用價值也往往是無法用數量指標體系來計量的,其攤銷期以及當期攤銷額也具有不確定性。(4)其價值的時效性,將它投入合適的項目就會發揮出不可估量的社會經濟效益。但是,它的價值會隨著時間和社會的變化而快速變化。(5)投資多主體性,高校的無形資產既包括國家和集體的資金和技術投入,也凝結著高校科研工作者個人的大量腦力勞動[1]。
無形資產是高校客觀存在的權利,它集中體現了一所高校的辦學實力和科研水平,尤其當無形資產進行轉讓或投資時,這種價值就會得到充分的確認和實現。因此,正確認識、深入研究高校無形資產及其使用、管理問題,加強無形資產管理,杜絕高校無形資產流失,維護高校的合法權益,無論是對於高校自身的存在和發展,還是對於無形資產的開發、利用,都有重大的現實意義。
3. 誰能幫我找一篇無形資產准則的外文文獻啊 不勝感激
我這里有《無形資產估價》戈登.史密斯 路瑟爾.帕爾 著
如果需要留言給我
4. 請推薦一篇有關無形資產投資的英文文獻
您好，
無形資產投資(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets)
What is the investment in intangible assets?
Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%.
Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account.
Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.
What is the intangible asset?
Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets.
(1) and intangible characteristics:
1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights.
2, to bring excess profits.
3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term.
(2), intangible assets, including:
1, patents
2, know-how
3, the franchise
4, the right to use the premises
5, trademark
6, goodwill
(C), the classification of intangible assets:
1, according to the validity of the points:
(1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the
(2), no period of intangible assets
2, according to whether or not there may refer to:
(1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the indivial, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on.
(2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill.
3, according to whether or not protected by law:
(1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, rights and so on.
(2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how.
Analysis of intangible investment:
Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage.
According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low.
Investment management of intangible assets:
Intangible asset investment decision-making methods and decision-making investment in fixed assets the same way. Also need to calculate the decision-making targets. However, it is more complex than the investment in fixed assets. Because:
1, intangible assets are invested in various forms.
2, intangible assets and the investment period has been over-time earnings is difficult to predict.
3, intangible assets increased over the proceeds of uncertainty there.
The day-to-day control of intangible assets: include the following:
1, an increase of intangible assets management
Whether purchased, the self-built, or other inputs, for all legal proceres, according to the actual cost, or by the rating agencies to assess valuation.
2, amortization of intangible assets management
(1) the effective useful life of intangible assets:
① law and the provisions of the contract are valid in accordance with the principles of the short side.
② no legal provisions of the contract, according to the provisions of the contract determine the number of years.
③ not provided for by not less than 10 years to determine the validity.
3, the calculation of the amount of amortization of intangible assets:
= Amortization in the amount of the original price / effective service life
4, the use of intangible assets management:
(1) potential to improve the utilization of intangible assets.
(2) to implement centralized management at different levels. Such as patents, technology must be managed by the technology sector, the franchise, the right to use the site to the proction and marketing departments. Sales by the trademark management, in order to clear responsibility to enhance the effectiveness of the use.
Intangible assets investment accounts and tax-related issues to deal with:
According to the intangible assets to obtain a different way, namely by the following provisions to deal with. "Enterprise Accounting System," the 44th article stipulates: "The business acquired intangible assets, measures should be based on actual costs. Made at the time of the actual cost should be determined in the following way:
(A) acquired intangible assets, according to the actual price paid for the actual cost.
(B) investors into the intangible assets, investment by the parties identified as the value of the actual cost. However, for the first time to issue shares and investors to accept the input of intangible assets, intangible assets should be in the investor's book value as the actual cost.
(C) the business of the debtor to accept non-cash assets to cover liabilities of the acquired intangible assets, or debt-for-entry e to intangible assets, according to the book value of accounts receivable claims to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following provisions of the transferee to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:
1. Receipt of the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable less the premium, plus related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;
2. To pay the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable plus the premium paid and to pay related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.
(D) to non-monetary transactions for the entry of intangible assets, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following requirements for entry to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:
1. Receipt of the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should be recognized in the income and pay less taxes and fees related to the balance of payment of a premium, as the actual cost;
2. To pay the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees and premium, as the actual cost.
(E) to accept donations of intangible assets, the following provisions shall determine the actual costs:
1. Donation to provide relevant evidence, according to the evidence indicating the amount to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.
2. Donor did not provide such evidence, according to the following order to determine the actual costs:
(1) the same or similar intangible assets of the existence of an active market, according to the same or similar intangible assets is estimated that the amount of market prices, together with the related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;
(2) the same or similar intangible assets no active market, according to accept the donation of intangible assets is expected to present value of future cash flows, as the actual cost. "
The 45th article stipulates that: "in accordance with legal proceres to apply for self-developed intangible assets acquired, according to the law made when the registration fee, lawyer fees, as the actual cost of intangible assets. Occur in the course of research and development of materials Cost of personnel directly involved in the development of wages and welfare, development occurred in rent, the cost of borrowing, and so on, into direct current profit and loss. Periods have been included in the cost of research and development costs, and the success of the intangible assets in accordance with the law The right to apply, no longer have been included in the original cost of the capitalization of research and development costs. "
The 47th article stipulates: "The corporate purchase or sell gold to cover the cost of land acquisition of land use rights, not yet in the development or use of the construction project, accounting for intangible assets in accordance with the present system of the period provided for a phased amortization. Room Real estate development companies to develop real estate, land-use rights should be the book value into all development costs; business as a result of the use of land for the construction of a project for their own use, land-use rights to the book value into all-in-progress costs. "
Enterprises with investment from outside of intangible assets, the same non-monetary transaction regulations.
Guoshuifa [1993] No. 149: "Investment in real estate shares, investors accept to participate in the distribution of profits, the share of investment risk, do not levy sales tax." "With regard to equity investment business income tax notice of a number of issues" (Guoshuifa [2000 ] No. 118) article 3, paragraph 1, a "business to business activities of some non-monetary assets of foreign investments, including shares of the company's shareholders for its corporate operations in non-monetary assets to buy shares of company stock allocation should be Investment in the transaction occurs, will be broken down into its fair value based on sales of non-monetary assets and economic investment in the two operations to deal with income tax, calculated in accordance with the provisions of the asset transfer income or loss. "Based on the above provisions to intangible assets outside Investment, from paying business tax, but be required to pay income tax.
希望對您有幫助。
5. 求一篇關於無形資產攤銷或會計處理的外文文獻
我處禁止上傳文件，相關PDF外文文獻有，沒那麼多，不知是否滿足近幾年的內要求，翻譯沒有，容翻譯得靠你自己，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，如果需要請直接網路 私信 或者 Hi 中留言貼出你在 網路知道的問題鏈接地址 及 郵箱地址
相關外文文獻已發送，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的
6. 求一篇 關於無形資產的 外文文獻，最好是2007年以後的期刊。內容可以是無形資產分類，評價，管理……
你好，很高興為你解答：
BEA Briefing: Toward Better Measurement of Innovation and Intangibles
這個是09年滴
Remarks on the Measurement, Valuation, and Reporting of Intangible Assets
04年滴
應該不止三千多字 而且很遺憾 pdf格式 ms還不專能復制粘貼。。。
需要的話留個屬郵箱吧
7. 求一篇關於無形資產准則的外文文獻 最好近幾年的
去淘寶上買，搜索一下就有賣文獻的
8. 急！求一篇關於無形資產核算的英文文獻(帶中文翻譯)
您好，
無形資產投資(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets)
What is the investment in intangible assets?
Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%.
Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account.
Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.
What is the intangible asset?
Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets.
(1) and intangible characteristics:
1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights.
2, to bring excess profits.
3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term.
(2), intangible assets, including:
1, patents
2, know-how
3, the franchise
4, the right to use the premises
5, trademark
6, goodwill
(C), the classification of intangible assets:
1, according to the validity of the points:
(1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the
(2), no period of intangible assets
2, according to whether or not there may refer to:
(1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the indivial, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on.
(2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill.
3, according to whether or not protected by law:
(1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, rights and so on.
(2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how.
Analysis of intangible investment:
Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage.
According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low.
Investment management of intangible assets:
Intangible asset investment decision-making methods and decision-making investment in fixed assets the same way. Also need to calculate the decision-making targets. However, it is more complex than the investment in fixed assets. Because:
1, intangible assets are invested in various forms.
2, intangible assets and the investment period has been over-time earnings is difficult to predict.
3, intangible assets increased over the proceeds of uncertainty there.
The day-to-day control of intangible assets: include the following:
1, an increase of intangible assets management
Whether purchased, the self-built, or other inputs, for all legal proceres, according to the actual cost, or by the rating agencies to assess valuation.
2, amortization of intangible assets management
(1) the effective useful life of intangible assets:
① law and the provisions of the contract are valid in accordance with the principles of the short side.
② no legal provisions of the contract, according to the provisions of the contract determine the number of years.
③ not provided for by not less than 10 years to determine the validity.
3, the calculation of the amount of amortization of intangible assets:
= Amortization in the amount of the original price / effective service life
4, the use of intangible assets management:
(1) potential to improve the utilization of intangible assets.
(2) to implement centralized management at different levels. Such as patents, technology must be managed by the technology sector, the franchise, the right to use the site to the proction and marketing departments. Sales by the trademark management, in order to clear responsibility to enhance the effectiveness of the use.
Intangible assets investment accounts and tax-related issues to deal with:
According to the intangible assets to obtain a different way, namely by the following provisions to deal with. "Enterprise Accounting System," the 44th article stipulates: "The business acquired intangible assets, measures should be based on actual costs. Made at the time of the actual cost should be determined in the following way:
(A) acquired intangible assets, according to the actual price paid for the actual cost.
(B) investors into the intangible assets, investment by the parties identified as the value of the actual cost. However, for the first time to issue shares and investors to accept the input of intangible assets, intangible assets should be in the investor's book value as the actual cost.
(C) the business of the debtor to accept non-cash assets to cover liabilities of the acquired intangible assets, or debt-for-entry e to intangible assets, according to the book value of accounts receivable claims to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following provisions of the transferee to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:
1. Receipt of the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable less the premium, plus related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;
2. To pay the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable plus the premium paid and to pay related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.
(D) to non-monetary transactions for the entry of intangible assets, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following requirements for entry to determine the actual cost of intangible assets:
1. Receipt of the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should be recognized in the income and pay less taxes and fees related to the balance of payment of a premium, as the actual cost;
2. To pay the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees and premium, as the actual cost.
(E) to accept donations of intangible assets, the following provisions shall determine the actual costs:
1. Donation to provide relevant evidence, according to the evidence indicating the amount to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost.
2. Donor did not provide such evidence, according to the following order to determine the actual costs:
(1) the same or similar intangible assets of the existence of an active market, according to the same or similar intangible assets is estimated that the amount of market prices, together with the related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost;
(2) the same or similar intangible assets no active market, according to accept the donation of intangible assets is expected to present value of future cash flows, as the actual cost. "
The 45th article stipulates that: "in accordance with legal proceres to apply for self-developed intangible assets acquired, according to the law made when the registration fee, lawyer fees, as the actual cost of intangible assets. Occur in the course of research and development of materials Cost of personnel directly involved in the development of wages and welfare, development occurred in rent, the cost of borrowing, and so on, into direct current profit and loss. Periods have been included in the cost of research and development costs, and the success of the intangible assets in accordance with the law The right to apply, no longer have been included in the original cost of the capitalization of research and development costs. "
The 47th article stipulates: "The corporate purchase or sell gold to cover the cost of land acquisition of land use rights, not yet in the development or use of the construction project, accounting for intangible assets in accordance with the present system of the period provided for a phased amortization. Room Real estate development companies to develop real estate, land-use rights should be the book value into all development costs; business as a result of the use of land for the construction of a project for their own use, land-use rights to the book value into all-in-progress costs. "
Enterprises with investment from outside of intangible assets, the same non-monetary transaction regulations.
Guoshuifa [1993] No. 149: "Investment in real estate shares, investors accept to participate in the distribution of profits, the share of investment risk, do not levy sales tax." "With regard to equity investment business income tax notice of a number of issues" (Guoshuifa [2000 ] No. 118) article 3, paragraph 1, a "business to business activities of some non-monetary assets of foreign investments, including shares of the company's shareholders for its corporate operations in non-monetary assets to buy shares of company stock allocation should be Investment in the transaction occurs, will be broken down into its fair value based on sales of non-monetary assets and economic investment in the two operations to deal with income tax, calculated in accordance with the provisions of the asset transfer income or loss. "Based on the above provisions to intangible assets outside Investment, from paying business tax, but be required to pay income tax.
希望對您有幫助。 翻譯打不下了，手打的，都酸了，望樓主採納
9. 請提供一篇關於無形資產的英文文獻
無形資產投資(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets)
What is the investment in intangible assets?
Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%.
Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account.
Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.
What is the intangible asset?
Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets.
(1) and intangible characteristics:
1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights.
2, to bring excess profits.
3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term.
(2), intangible assets, including:
1, patents
2, know-how
3, the franchise
4, the right to use the premises
5, trademark
6, goodwill
(C), the classification of intangible assets:
1, according to the validity of the points:
(1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the
(2), no period of intangible assets
2, according to whether or not there may refer to:
(1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the indivial, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on.
(2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill.
3, according to whether or not protected by law:
(1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, rights and so on.
(2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how.
Analysis of intangible investment:
Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage.
According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low.
10. 本人急需2篇關於無形資產審計的國外文獻,請給予指點
英文還是中文的啊?
1 重視無形資產審計
在現行的審計工作中 ,對無形資產的審計 ,只是
在財務審計中有很少的內容。在知識經濟條件下 ,
由於無形資產在資產總額中的比重越來越大 ,所以
審計部門應重視對無形資產的審計。
首先 ,無形資產的重要性 ,需要重視無形資產審
計。無形資產是指一定主體擁有或者控制的、長期
使用但沒有實物形態的 ,並預期會帶來經濟效益、能
以貨幣計量的資產。對企業來說 ,無形資產是企業
發展的重要資源 ,是可持續發展的重要基礎;無形資
產是企業潛在的巨大財富 ,是提高知識經濟效益的
重要途徑;無形資產是企業綜合經濟實力的體現 ,是
強化知名度、擴張資本、轉化有形資產和提高市場競
爭力的重要手段;無形資產是企業文化的象徵 ,是精
神文明建設的重要內容。在無形資產中 ,品牌是最
具有影響的一種無形資產。無形資產對企業的發展
是至關重要。無形資產對企業如此重要 ,相應審計
部門需要重視無形資產審計 ,審查企業是否充分發
揮無形資產的作用。
其次 ,無形資產管理不規范 ,需要重視無形資產
審計。在現實的企業中 ,對無形資產的管理很不規
范 ,主要存在以下幾個問題:(1)無形資產數量不清。
企業有多少無形資產數量不清 ,現在是按現行會計
制度規定的在會計賬簿上進行核算的無形資產《(企
業會計制度》規定:無形資產包括專利權、非專利權、
商標權、著作權、土地使用權、商譽等。) 而在規定之
外應屬於無形資產的經營秘密、商號、特許權和自創
商譽等還未進行價值和數量的核算 ,也未採用相應
的辦法進行數量的清理給予管理。(2) 無形資產管
理制度健全或未建全。國有大中型企業 ,一般按國
家財政部制定會計制度的規定 ,有無形資產會計核
算的制度 ,但一般都沒有建立無形資產管理制度 ,既
沒有無形資產管理機構 ,也沒有無形資產管理人員 ,
不明確哪個機構管理無形資產 ,誰來管理無形資產 ,
更沒有無形資產管理制度。對這種無形資產管理制
度不健全或未建立的情況 ,促進企業建立和健全無
形資產管理制度 ,規范無形資產管理。
第三 ,國有企業無形資產流失 ,需要重視無形資
產審計。目前 ,在企業普遍存在對無形資產缺乏正
確認識的情況下 ,國有企業資產流失。我國每年有
3 萬多項國家級重大科技成果 ,其中有 2 萬多項由
於知識產權觀念的淡薄未申請專利 ,十幾年裡 ,我國
將 11 萬余項發明無償地「奉獻」給了外國,這筆財富
白白地被流失。而在西方發達國家 85 %的專利申
請都來自企業 ,一家公司特別是跨國公司 ,一年中能
申請幾百件、上千件甚至上萬件的專利。面對我國
加入 WTO 的新形勢和國有企業無形資產的流失 ,
需要重視無形資產審計。
2 無形資產審計的構想或經驗 ,在此提出一個構想。
2.1 無形資產系統審計。對各種無形資產的價值
與數量方面進行審計。在實際操作時 ,可以分為兩
部分進行:首先 ,對在會計賬簿有記錄的無形資產進
行價值與數量的審查 ,依據《企業會計准則》所規定
的無形資產包括專利權、非專利權、商標權、著作權、
土地使用權、商譽等,逐項檢查每種無形資產的價值
與數量是否真實、合法,核對資產負債表上的無形資
產與會計賬簿上的無形資產是否相符 , 會計賬簿上
的的無形資產與實際現有無形資產是否相符。其
次 ,檢查除在會計賬簿中記錄的無形資產外 ,是否還
有其他無形資產:如還有其他無形資產 ,檢查該項無
形資產的數量及其基本情況 ,是否真實、合法 ,尤其
是在無形資產的開發、形成和使用過程中是不是遵
紀守法。
2.2 無形資產戰略審計。對企業是否制定無形資
產戰略進行審計 ,在我國加入 WTO 的條件下 ,企業
要重視研究與制定無形資產發展戰略。無形資產戰
略是對無形資產的形成、利用、開發、效益和保護等
做出的決定全局的、重大的籌劃和對策。它包括專
利戰略、商標戰略、名牌戰略、土地使用權戰略和商
譽戰略等。為實現無形資產發展戰略要制定相應的
策略:(1)無形資產開發策略 ,無形資產的自創和引
進 ,既要組織創新研究 ,將研究成果轉化為專利權 ,
又要引進高新技術 ,促進經濟發展。(2)無形資產信
息策略 ,通過各種渠道 ,採用多種形式 ,搜集國際組
織的、主要發達國家的有關無形資產的信息,對這些
信息進行整理、分析、研究和利用。(3) 無形資產經
營策略 ,對擁有各種無形資產 ,面向國際大市場 ,利
用各種渠道和多種形式 ,進行有效的經營。(4)無形
資產進攻策略 ,根據各種無形資產的特點 ,主動、積
極地創造條件 ,參與國際大市場的競爭 ,在境外注冊
商標 ,爭創國際名牌 ,優化企業形象。(5) 無形資產
國際規范策略 ,學習、熟悉、掌握和運用國際組織、地
區和主要發達國家的有關無形資產的各種規范 ,以
建立和健全與國際無形資產的規范協調的中國無形
資產規范體系。
2.3 無形資產重點審計。對企業發展起重要作用
的無形資產進行審計。由於企業擁有無形資產的情
況不同 ,因而對企業單項無形資產的審計也不同 ,有
的企業是專利權 ,或是商標權 ,或是商譽 ,或是其他。
專利權審計是對專利的開發、申請、利用和保護的審
查;商標權審計是對商標的開發、申請、利用和保護
的審查;商譽審計是對商譽的培養、提高、利用和保
護等的審查。
2.4 無形資產效益審計。對企業經營無形資產的
效益的審查。企業擁有的無形資產要積極經營 ,經
營無形資產的目的是要獲取經濟效益。企業經營無
形資產 ,也能為企業帶來經濟效益。其主要途徑是:
提高商譽 ,獲取額外利潤 ;爭創名牌 ,以市場優勢和
價優獲取更多的利潤 ;出售或轉讓專利權、非專利
權、商標權,開展技術貿易等以取得收益 ;以無形資
產投資取得投資收益等。企業經營無形資產 ,在我
國加入 WTO 後 ,還要面向國際市場經營無形資產 ;
其經營的方式主要是 :無形資產投資、無形資產籌
資、無形資產經濟合作和貿易等。
2.5 無形資產管理審計。對企業在無形資產的開
發、形成和使用過程中進行預測、決策、計劃、控制、
檢查、考核和分析的管理活動進行審查。隨著企業
從重視有形資產到越來越重視無形資產 ,或者說從
重視存貨到越來越重視知識 ,使企業的成功取決於
知識和創新能力。因而 ,要重視對無形資產的管理。
對無形資產的管理 ,要求企業確定無形資產管理部
門和人員 ,制定無形資產管理制度;無形資產管理部
門運用集體的智慧和發揮每個人知識的作用 ,提高
創新能力 ,提高進行預測、決策、計劃、控制、檢查、考
核和分析的管理水平 ,加強無形資產的籌資與投資
管理 ,以便提高無形資產的經濟效益 ,促進知識經濟
的不斷發展。
3 無形資產審計的評價
對企業無形資產審計 ,當審計結束時 ,要對企業
的無形資產進行評價。無形資產審計評價 ,是對企
業無形資產進行審計後 ,對其工作的成就、問題的評
定與建議。
3.1 開發無形資產。對無形資產進行管理 ,企業要
以戰略的眼光開發無形資產,擴大企業擁有的無形資
產。企業開發無形資產除引入無形資產外,主要是自
創無形資產。自創無形資產是指自行設計、申請或接
受授權等非轉讓方式取得的無形資產 ,它包括專利
權、非專利權、著作權、土地使用權、商譽等。
3.2 建立無形資產核算體系。對企業全部無形資產
建立核算體系 ,包括建立無形資產會計明細賬 ,對納
入會計核算內容的 ,根據會計憑證 ,核算無形資產的
種類、項目、數量、金額和保存或使用單位(人)等。
3.3 明確經濟責任。對無形資產的開發、形成、使
用、保護和保管的各環節,要明確有關單位和人員的
崗位經濟責任 ,確定責任要求、獎勵或處罰 ,離任進
行責任審計。
Abstract In order to compare and to interpret chemical
measurements, compliance with general rules of metrology
is compulsory. Such rules are the more important the more
the chemical measurements are applied under circum-
stances where material assets and goods or immaterial
values like health may be affected. Metrology of chemical
measurements attempts to define rules for achieving com-
parability and for guaranteeing quality of analytical data.
Thermodynamic data are commonly derived from a set of
analytical measurements. Comparability among thermo-
dynamic data is an important issue especially for those
data to be applied in politically sensitive issues of envi-
ronmental prognosis, long-term safety assessment of nu-
clear waste repositories in deep geological formations and
assessment of environmental impact of technical interven-
tion in the geosphere. Taking the data evaluation step in
the traceability chain of thermodynamic data as an exam-
ple, the existing thermodynamic data is shown to be af-
fected by deficiencies in comparability and quality that
may severely limit its dependability in environmental
prognosis. The need for a metrologically acceptable ap-
proach is demonstrated. Statistical concepts improving a
reliable assignment of meaningful measurement uncer-
tainty to a thermodynamic datum are presented. Unre-
solved issues, i.e. measurement uncertainty of a pH mea-
surement, hampering the construction of a traceability
chain are outlined.
Introction
There are a series of thermodynamic databases of chemi-
cal reactions, collected and evaluated with the intention to
simulate technical processes and to predict environmental
chemical systems [1–5]. For processes under human con-
trol thermodynamic data may be considered as process
parameters, but true values for the respective thermody-
namic quantities of chemical reactions are necessary to
predict the likely development of a situation that is not
controlled (e.g. a contaminated site). True values are an
ideal and the quest for truth is a fundament of scientific
activity [6]. Human activity, however, is not able to per-
ceive an absolute truth – even if studying highly con-
trolled systems [7]. Nevertheless, the idea of absolute val-
ues known to nature, universally reprocible in time and
space, is the basis of science.
The major body of thermodynamic data for chemical
reactions has successfully served to elucidate and to clas-
sify relationships among the chemical elements. There
are, however, situations where thermodynamic data for
chemical reactions are applied for purposes where other
aspects – i.e. legal aspects – become more relevant [8, 9].
Accuracy will be much more important than precision as
soon as these data are applied to uncontrolled systems.
Important applications of major public concern are safety
assessment of nuclear waste repositories in geological for-
mations or evolvement of contaminated sites in the bio-
sphere. In those situations, environmental prognosis by
geochemical modelling is mandatory [9]. There are, how-
ever, reasons to conclude that the overwhelming amount
of thermodynamic data for environmental prognosis is not
sufficiently accurate to allow a dependable prediction be-
cause no action is taken to ensure comparability – either
e to ignorance of metrological concepts or e to un-
sufficiently specified measurement processes of funda-
mental chemical quantities like pH.
Environmental prognosis and metrology
Geochemical transport models are tools for environmental
prognosis by numerical simulation. These tools are
widely used by government agencies, instry and acade-
mic institutions in attempts to predict the likely develop-
G. Meinrath
Comparability of thermodynamic data – a metrological point of view
Fresenius J Anal Chem (2000) 368:574–584 ? Springer-Verlag 2000
Received: 31 May 2000 / Revised: 18 July 2000 / Accepted: 19 July 2000
ORIGINAL PAPER
G. Meinrath
RER Consultants, Schie?stattweg 3a, 94032 Passau, Germany
and
G. Meinrath
TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Geologie,
Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, 09596 Freiberg, Germany