四大發明英語文章

『壹』 四大發明英語簡介！

The Four Great Inventions 四大發明
The Compass 指南針
Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼穀子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.
Gunpowder 火葯
Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武經總要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.
Papermaking 造紙術
Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.
Printing 印刷術
Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.
The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.

『貳』 寫四大發明的英語作文、

(1)
The mankind take the bearings to mainly depend the sun before the mariner's compass invent, moon etc. heavenly body, perhaps mountain stone tree etc. marking thing, however, these meanses for taking the bearings all has it to limit sex: is taken the bearings by heavenly body under the bad weather environment and then can't carry out, for example rainy day, fog day, cloudy day.But depend marking a thing to take the bearings can limit at inside small scope.
Afterwards people discover the south North Pole characteristic of loadstone but invented mariner's compass.Can take the bearings accurately under any environment thus.
Mariner's compass the biggest contribution is to promote maritime development, transport at the sea of flourishing and discover New Continent etc. the mariner's compasses all perform feats
(2)
Before compass invention the humanity takes one's bearings mainlydepends on the sun, heavenly body and so on the moon, or sign and soon mountain stone trees, however, these take one's bearings the methodall has its limitation: Depends on the heavenly body to take one'sbearings under the bad weather environment is unable to realize, forinstance rainy day, foggy day, cloudy day But depends on the sign totake one's bearings only can limit in the small scope
Afterwards the people discovered the magnet the south North Polecharacteristic has invented the compass Thus may accurate take one'sbearings under any environment
The compass biggest contribution promoted the navigation development,the sea transportation the new continent compass and so on wasdeveloped as well as discovered all had lasting achievements
都是關於指南針....四項全寫的話、題材蠻大....

『叄』 有關中國四大發明的英語短篇作文

The four great inventionsPaper: paper is an important chemical processes, the invention of paper is Chinese in the spread of human culture and development make a valuable contribution, is China's chemical history of a major achievement.The paper also before, oracle bones, bamboo slips and silk silk is used for writing, the ancient recorded material. But e to the rapid development of the economy, culture, bones and bamboo can not meet the demand of development, thus contributing to the improvement of writing tools. At that time people began using small silk made of paper, as the ancient Chinese when paper by hemp thread and silk, and preparation method of rough paper, so the quality is not so good. But the hemp thread and silk has its own role, to use them as a raw material for paper-making, would be greatly restricted, and difficult to get rapid development, to meet the cultural life of the requirement to paper.In the new situation request, Cai Lun of Eastern Han Dynasty for the emergence of papermaking to bring new breakthrough in the Eastern Han Dynasty," views on" 2 records:" Cai Lun, talented, dedicated to cautious, every vacation, closed to the guest, aeration body field. Code for the sale, made with bark and spacious cloth, net to make paper. Xing Yuan first year playing, the emperor can, since is not used, the salty called Cai Hou paper". From above, Cai Lun is using bark, rags, net of papermaking. Although before Cai Lun also has a paper, but raw material itself is very limited, and Cai Lun on the new raw materials, to solve this problem. Because the rag, broken fishnet had already finished their task, a waste and used as a raw material for papermaking instry, which plays an important role.Printing: is the working people in ancient China through long-term practice and research before the invention of. About the year before and after 600 years of Sui Dynasty, people from the engraved seal inspire 四大發明 造紙術:造紙是一項重要的化學工藝，紙的發明是中國在人類文化的傳播和發展上所做出的一項十分寶貴的貢獻，是中國化學史上的一項重大的成就。 在紙還未發明之前，甲骨、竹簡和絹帛是古代用來供書寫、記載的材料。但由於西漢的經濟、文化迅速發展，甲骨和竹簡不能滿足發展的需求，從而促使了書寫工具的改進。當時人們已開始應用小塊的絲綿製成的紙，由於古漢時的紙張是由麻縷和絲綿，加上製法粗糙，所以紙張的質量不太好。而麻縷和絲綿都有其本身的作用，如要把它們用作造紙的原料，就必然會受到很大的限制，而難以得到迅速的發展，來滿足文化生活上對紙張的要求。 在新的客觀形勢要求下，東漢蔡倫的出現為造紙術帶來新突破，在《東漢觀記》卷二上記載：「蔡倫，有才學，盡忠重慎，每次休沐，閉門以絕賓客，曝體田野。典作尚方，造意用樹皮及敝布、魚網作紙。元興元年奏上，帝善其能，自是莫不用，天下咸稱蔡侯紙」。從以上看來，蔡倫是用樹皮、破布、魚網造紙的。雖然在蔡倫之前也有紙的存在，但是原料本身就有很大的局限，而蔡倫對新原料的發現，解決了這個問題。因為破布、破魚網早已結束了它們本身的任務，成了廢物而又用作做原料，對造紙工業起了極大的推動作用。

『肆』 求一篇關於四大發明的英語作文！（四個都要寫，初三水平）

teacher,you can speak Chinese？ sure！！！ 老師，四大發明是中國人發明的嗎？ 當然。 謝謝老師，再見。 886。

『伍』 中國現代四大發明英文介紹

中國現代四大發明一般指新四大發明，所謂「新四大發明「是指「高鐵、掃碼支付、共享單車和網購」。2017年5月，來自「一帶一路」沿線的20國青年評選出了「中國的新四大發明」：高鐵、掃碼支付、共享單車和網購。

1、High-speed rail

On October 1, 1964, Tokaido Shinkansen Line was officially opened to traffic. The operation speed is as high as 210 km/h. So the first real high-speed railway in the world was invented by Japan. This marks the arrival of a new era of high-speed railway in the world.

As a pioneer of high-speed railway in the world, Japan has accumulated rich experience for other countries, including China, which have not yet developed or are developing high-speed railway, and transferred some technology to these countries to help them develop high-speed railway system faster and more conveniently.

In March 2006, the CRH2A train Retrofitted from E2 series 1000 sets sailed from Kobe Port to Qing, China, and transferred some technology to China, thus ushering in the era of high-speed railway in China.

中文翻譯：

1、高鐵

1964年10月1日，日本東海道新干線正式通車。運營速度高達210公里/小時。故世界上第一條真正意義上的高速鐵路由日本發明。這標志著世界高速鐵路新紀元的到來。

日本作為世界高速鐵路的先驅為包括中國在內的其他尚未或正在發展高速鐵路的國家積累了豐富的經驗，並有償轉讓了部分技術予這些國家，以幫助其更快、更方便地發展高速鐵路系統。

2006年3月，由E2系1000番台改造而來的CRH2A型列車從神戶港裝船出發前往中國青島，並轉讓部分技術予中國，由此開啟了中國的高鐵時代。

2、Sweep Payment

The scanner payment model is based on the concept of mobile payment, and the earliest batch of payments made by mobile devices occurred in Finland in 1997. Finnish local media reported that Finland Telecom has launched a service to operate jukeboxes and beverage vending machines by dialing a pay phone number, which can buy Coca-Cola at Helsinki Airport.

The scanned two-dimensional code was invented by Japan DW Company in 1994.

2、掃碼支付

掃碼支付的模式建立在移動支付的概念上，而最早一批由移動設備完成的付款發生在1997年的芬蘭。芬蘭當地媒體報道，芬蘭電信啟用了通過撥打一個付費電話號碼來操作點唱機和飲料自動售貨機的服務，這項服務可以在赫爾辛基機場買可口可樂。

掃描的二維碼則是1994年由日本DW公司發明。

3、Shared bicycle

As early as 1965, Amsterdam Municipal Government of the Netherlands put forward the "White Plan", according to which 50 bicycles were purchased by the government and painted with white paint and scattered around the city for people to use.

This is the earliest unmanned shared bicycle system in the world, so the shared bicycle was invented by the Netherlands. In 2007, France also had the freedom of bicycle travel. Later, it became popular and innovative in China, and promoted overseas.

3、共享單車

早在1965年，荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹市政府提出了「白色計劃」，根據該計劃由政府購置50輛自行車並將其刷上白漆作為記號散放在城市各處供人使用，這是世界上最早的無人管理的共享單車系統，故共享單車由荷蘭發明。2007年，法國也有單車自由行，到後來才中國風靡和創新模式發展，並推廣海外。

4、online shopping

Online shopping belongs to the category of electronic commerce. In 1979, British Michael Aldrich invented the concept of online shopping. Aldridge used a technology called Videotex to connect ordinary televisions to local retailers'computers over telephone lines.

By the 1990s, after Amazon and eBay launched their websites in 1995, e-commerce began to be popular around the world.

4、網購

網購屬於電子商務的范疇。在1979年，英國人麥克·奧德里奇（Michael Aldrich）發明了網上購物的概念。奧德里奇利用一種被稱為Videotex的技術，通過電話線將普通電視機連接到了當地零售商的電腦。

到20世紀90年代，亞馬遜和eBay在1995年推出了他們的網站後，電子商務開始在全球流行。

(5)四大發明英語文章擴展閱讀：

1、中國古代四大發明

四大發明，是關於中國科學技術史的一種觀點，是指中國古代對世界具有很大影響的四種發明，是中國古代勞動人民的重要創造，是指造紙術、指南針、火葯及印刷術。

此一說法最早由英國漢學家艾約瑟提出並為後來許多中國的歷史學家所繼承，普遍認為這四種發明對中國古代的政治、經濟、文化的發展產生了巨大的推動作用，且這些發明經由各種途徑傳至西方，對世界文明發展史也產生了很大的影響。

2、歷史意義

造紙術的發明：為人類提供了經濟﹑便利的書寫材料，掀起一場人類文字載體革命。

雕版印刷術的發明：大大促進了文化的傳播。

指南針的發明：為歐洲航海家的航海活動，提供了條件。

火葯武器的發明：火葯武器的使用，改變了作戰方式，幫助歐洲資產階級摧毀了封建堡壘，加速了歐洲的歷史進程。

『陸』 英語四大發明之一小短文及翻譯 50字

The
compass
As
we
all
know,there
are
four
important
inventions
in
China,even
in
the
world.They
are
the
results
of
Chinese
people.
But
I
think
the
compass
is
more
important
than
the
others.Because
of
it,we
can
know
our
country,our
world.With
the
help
of
the
compass,Christopher
Columbus
found
the
new
land;with
the
help
of
it,we
know
that
the
earth
is
like
a
ball.Having
the
compass,we
can
see
the
earth
clearly.It
is
the
most
important
invention
which
is
a
tool
to
know
more
about
this
world.We
can
say
that
without
the
invention
of
the
compass,there
can
not
be
a
colourful
world.
So,Ido
think
the
compass
is
more
important
than
the
three.

指南針，我們都知道，在中國有四個重要的發明，甚至在世界上。他們是中國人的結果。但我認為指南針是比別人更重要。因為它，我們能知道我們的國家，我們的世界。在指南針的幫助下，克里斯托弗哥倫布發現新大陸；有了它，我們知道，地球就像一個球。有指南針，我們可以清楚地看到地球。這是最重要的發明，它是一個工具，多了解這個世界。我們可以說，沒有指南針的發明，不可能有一個豐富多彩的世界。所以，我認為指南針比三更重要。

『柒』 五年級英語短文四大發明

Verehrte Gute Lehrer, Schüler:
In der großen Geschichte der chinesischen Nation 5000 Jahre Geschichte, schreibt nie aufhören und die Gute STREBEN nach Glück, zeigen für Demokratie und wohlstand nicht vergessen, zu erkunden.Erstreckt Sich über Geschichte, brillante zivilisation IST nie abgebrochen.Wir Wissen, dass die chinesen haben die vier großen erfinngen, das die vier großen erfinngen auf?
Die vier großen erfinngen im alten china der Welt auf und Hat großen Einfluss auf die vier erfinng.Papierherstellung, Kompass, schießpulver, movable Type.Diese behauptung wurde ursprünglich von der britischen sinologist Needham vorgeschlagen und später viele chinesische historiker Erben, allgemein als die erfinng des alten china vier arten von politischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Entwicklung Stark gefördert haben, und diese erfinng nach Westen rch verschiedene Wege, um die Entwicklung der zivilisation, die erhebliche Einfluss.
Das würde Ich sagen, der papierherstellung, papierherstellung IST einer der vier großen erfinngen von china, die Geschichte der menschlichen zivilisation zu Schaffen, eine bemerkenswerte erfinng.China ist der weltweit Erste seide seidenraupen Land.Wie BEI han - chinesen ALS kokon der arbeitenden Menschen seide, die restlichen böse kokon, KRANKHEIT von Cocoon Wad bleichen methode MIT seide.Drift Xu abgeschlossen, Matte wird einige reste übrig geblieben aus watte.Wenn die Zahl der schwebenden Floc, bambus - Galerie (Floc sammelt Sich in einer dünnen schicht von fasern, die nach dem trocknen kann rch geschält, für das schreiben.Die Zahl der Wad bleichen nebenprokte nicht mehr, heißt es in der in der antike bücher siehe 蹏 Oder watte.Das zeigt, dass die chinesische han - papiermaschinen HERKUNFT eine Enge BEZIEHUNG MIT seide watte.
Das haben WIR wieder die Verbesserung der papierherstellung cai lun sagen!!!!!!!Im ersten Jahr (105) der östlichen han - Yuan Xing cai lun Verbesserte der papierherstellung.
Mit der rinde, Bast, kopf und er mein tuch, fischernetze und andere Rohstoff, pauken, und kopieren, Chemische Technologie der modernen Papier, Papier, ist die HERKUNFT.Das Papier, das material IST Leicht zu Finden, IST sehr Billig, die Qualität verbessern, auch die allmählich verbreitet.Zum gedenken an die Verdienste der nachwelt cai lun, das Papier ALS "蔡侯紙
Mit der papierherstellung WIR und was für das schießpulver, und das ist in der chinesischen han sui und Tang - dynastie erfunden, vor mehr ALS tausend Jahren.Die alten Meister schießpulver begann in der alchemie, um unsterblichkeit und die Dan - Medizin, alchemie, das ziel und motiv sind absurd und lächerlich, aber Seine Experimentelle methoden Oder wünschenswert IST, führte DAS schießpulver.
Und dann und dann Reden WIR, Kompass, ein Kompass ist ein einfaches Instrument zur Diskriminierung gerichtet, auch bekannt ALS Kompass.Der Kompass ist der vorgänger von den vier großen erfinngen des alten china Sina.Wichtigste komponente ist der liegt in der achse Die Nadel Nadel Frei rotieren kann, wenn DAS magnetfeld in der magnetische Meridian Halten die tangentiale richtung arktis Geographie, der nadeln auf der arktis, MIT dieser Leistung kann der ORIENTIERUNG.Häufig in der Navigation, geodäsie, Reise - und militär - und so weiter.
Dann zu sagen, dass die typografie, die erfinng der druckerei gedruckt IST Geschichte eine große technologische Revolution.Movable Type - methode ist die Erste Wort der aus geprägten Schriften, manuskripte und das Wort gemäß ausgewählten bekleidet in der fall -, farb -, dann wird nach china und Indien), auf der nächsten typographische erneut verwendet werden.Zwischen der nördlichen Song - dynastie (1041-1048) die chinesische bi Sheng (???????- ca. 1051) ton Art ZEICHEN IST movable type geboren.Er ist weltweit der Erste erfinder, Peter Land J.Gutenberg, beweglichen bereits rund 400 Jahre.
Nun, ich Danke Ihnen für die rede War.

『捌』 四大發明英語介紹

The Four Great Inventions 四大發明

The Compass 指南針

Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼穀子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.

Gunpowder 火葯

Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武經總要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.

Papermaking 造紙術

Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.

Printing 印刷術

Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.

The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.別要我逐句翻譯，我辦不了

『玖』 關於中國四大發明的英語作文，要簡單的，80詞左右，初三水平

寫作思路：羅列出中國的四大發明，寫出這些發明的偉大之處，使用簡單的英文句子描寫出這些。

正文：

There are four world famous inventions in China, one is gunpowder, the other is compass, the third is printing and the fourth is papermaking.

我國有世界著名的四大發明，一是火葯，二是指南針，三是印刷術，四是造紙術。

This makes our ancient China become an ancient civilization.

這讓我們中國古代成了文明古國。

China's four great inventions have played an irreplaceable role in various fields of science and technology.

中國的四大發明在各個科技領域中起到了不可替代的重要作用。

Gunpowder. Gunpowder was invented by us.

火葯，火葯是我們發明的。

What does gunpowder bring us?

火葯給我們帶來什麼東西呢？

It brought fireworks, firecrackers, fireworks, mining, and aerospace.

帶來了禮花、帶來了鞭炮、用於製造煙花爆竹、用於采礦，還有用於航天事業的發展。

Up to now, gunpowder has played an important role in our history.

到今天為止火葯在我們的歷史上發揮著巨大的作用。

Compass, China's Zheng He with the compass seven voyages, opened up the Chinese culture into the world's first.

指南針，我國的鄭和用指南針七下西洋，開拓了中華民族文化進軍世界的先河。

The earliest compass was called "Sinan" in China.

最早的指南針中國人稱之為「司南」。

The compass is also used in navigation, as well as for military personnel to locate.

指南針也被用於航海，以及軍事家確定方位。

Printing, it is said that a man named Bi Sheng invented letterpress printing.

印刷術，相傳有個叫畢升的人發明了活版印刷術。

With the development of modern instry, laser Phototypesetting, digital technology and other new printing technologies will be used in modern life.

隨著現代工業的發展，激光照排、數字技術等新型印刷技術將用於現代生活中。

Cai Lun is a great inventor of papermaking in China. He invented papermaking.

造紙術，蔡倫是我國偉大的發明家，是他發明了造紙術。

With the invention and spread of papermaking, the carrier cost of characters has been greatly reced, thus greatly promoting the development of science and technology and economy in the world.

造紙的發明與傳播，使文字的載體成本得到了大幅度的下降，從而極大地推動了世界科技、經濟的發展。

The four great inventions have made us proud and promoted the continuous development of Chinese civilization, but now we have some inventions which are backward. For example, papermaking and printing are very advanced in foreign countries. Therefore, we should study hard and master knowledge to make our motherland stronger.

四大發明曾讓我們自豪過，也曾推動中華文明向前不斷發展，可是現在有部分發明我們已經處於落後局面，比如造紙術、印刷術在外國已經很先進了，因此我們應該好好學習，掌握知識，才能讓我們的祖國更加強大。